Importance of Community Health

Importance of Community healthHolly BolickWhen it comes to fountainheadnessc atomic number 18 and management, corporation wellness serves as a critical piece of the puzzle. Public or residential argona health offer be defined in a non-finite of substances. In general, it is the portion of healthc be focused on protecting and improving the health of the whole population, which could be seen as entire country or a small town (CDC Foundation, 2017, para. 2). Community health proves to be a vital and necessary component of quality healthcare across the globe. plot of land this definition is easily understood, one must also appreciate how dowryicipation health differs from personal health. While personal health focuses on the individual, in the state-supported eye(predicate) health places emphasis on the health of a group as a whole. In other words, society health speaks to a free realm of healthcare, while personal health has a more reduce concentration all the way down to a precise universe. all(prenominal) of this is important to understand in regard to community health and domain health opinions.Public wellness AssessmentsA key way that humanity health is continually evaluated is through community health assessments. Definitively speaking, a community or world health assessment is meant to serve as an current improvement process that functions to identify community wide health problems along with policy formation, execution of a solution, and evaluation (NACCHO, 2016, para. 1). This is a way for individuals to prove if reliable new changes or policies that involve community health are actually working.Public health assessments adopt m any(prenominal) advantages. Not save do assessments help communities identify major health problems specific to a particular area, but they can also aid in identifying realizable ways to address those problems. Each distinct community has different health way outs and different resources to combat those issues. With that being said, it is important that all communities take part in public health assessments. Through data and research, it has also been plunge that community health improvement plans and health assessments lead to better public health actions and improved decision making (Rabarison, Timsina, Mays, 2015, p. 2526). Better health choices do by the public is the ultimate goal of community health assessments, therefore, their benefits, when make correctly, are excessive.Although the advantages are great, disadvantages are also possible. Unfortunately, many resources needed for exact health assessments are limited, as well as the resources to implement change. In addition to this, when public health assessments are performed, sometimes changes need to be made. For example, if a public health assessment was conducted in a local anesthetic area on chemicals in key and they found a certain chemical needed to be eradicated in all types of paint, then this determination w ould cause some animosity. People who have used the certain paint would become upset and want to know what to do and businesses that made or sold the paint might face financial loss. While the assessment was necessary and the finding will eventually result in healthier paint, the initial stun of the discovery will be seen as an inconvenience. regular(a) so, these assessments are necessary to the health of the community.Public PolicyThe overall affair of a public health assessment is to identify a health problem and changes that need to be made in order to cakehole that problem. From these assessments that are implemented, public policy can be formed. Sometimes these policies can be established on a community level, while others may be state and federal mandated. The leader of a community may introduce a specific policy about smoking in public places, while the federal government may create a policy school lunches in response to childhood obesity. Either way, the development a nd data obtained from public health assessments is utilized to best create a policy that would target the problem and hopefully begin to eradicate it.Health Concerns and LegislationsA major health concern in the United States that continues to be addressed today is that of smoking. While there are not any federal legislations specific to smoking in public places, there are many other laws that affect smoking in general and their sales. These legislations do work toward improving public health. With that being said, certain states do have laws restricting the use of tobacco in public places such as restaurants, parks, and so on.One recent federal legislation that stands out is the Family fume Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. It is controlled by the Food and Drug governance (FDA) and requires warning labels on tobacco products, requires tobacco companies to submit necessary schooling to the FDA, forbids flavored tobacco products, and more (HHS.gov, 2017, para. 17). This legislat ion has already impacted every community in the United States. Warning labels for cigarettes are detailed and graphic. Advertisements for tobacco products are limited and controlled. Tobacco is now seen for all its detrimental effects alternatively of a typical pastime like it was in previous decades.The issue of smoking and how it affects the general public is continually being researched. America has had much(prenominal) progress in this area, but still has a long way to go. One can be certain that legislations in regards to smoking in order to benefit the public will continue to be made. demonstrationPublic health is a subject that seems to be rising in importance in todays world. It has been found that the health of the general community as a whole does make a difference when it comes to individual health. With that being said, public health assessments help to identify concerns and address what could be make to fix them. These assessments can lead to community wide changes, a s well as new federal legislations. It is important to be aware of public health concerns and why these assessments are so important.ReferencesCDC Foundation. (2017). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from https//www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-healthNACCHO. (2016). Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http//www.naccho.org/programs/public-health-infrastructure/community-health-assessment?p=chachipgeneralHHS.gov. (2017). Laws/Policies. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https//betobaccofree.hhs.gov/laws/Rabarison, K. M., Timsina, L., Mays, G. P. (2015). Community Health Assessment and modify Public Health Decision-Making A Propensity Score Matching Approach. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(12), 2526-2533. doi10.2105/AJPH.2015.302795

Blue Monday Strip by Rebecca Horn: Themes and Techniques

ghastly Monday moorage by Rebecca trumpet Themes and Techniques finesseist Rebecca car horn.Title/Date good-for-nothingness Monday p ar, 1993. Materials Typewriters, ink, metal, and motors.Dimensions 192 1/8 x 137 inches. Site Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.Provenance Gift of the artist.Introduction to macabre Monday Strip by Rebecca HornThe compute of Rebecca Horn is appealing to many another(prenominal) in the art world. To me, it is appealing in agencys that I, as a fellow artist, find featurely compelling although we go bad in antithetical media, a common theme confabms to resonate when I observe her work and comp are it to my get. There is a sense of the fleeting nature of our physical existence against a context of the mundane details of feel. Her works are animated, though in a ofttimes different expression than my witness art is animated The sense of natural action and movement I see in her work is fewthing that is appealing and energizing. It brings to headland the limitations of the human body, all the same at the same succession it brings to light the design that human activity goes on, level though we as item-by-items do not.According to matchless biographer/critic, Horns work is set in the nexus between body and gondola, and it transmogrifies the ordinary into the enigmatic (Ragheb, 1993). Horns talent to do this with much(prenominal) deft yet subtle precision is part of her appeal to me as a practiti iodinr. She preempt take everyday objects and juxtapose them with much(prenominal) whimsicalness that heapers look at them in mod ways. Doing this within my avouch medium is something I hindquarters strive for, and hope on some level to achieve what she has done with her sculpture, in her unique way, sets a bill I can aspire to in my own chosen medium.nowhere is this more apparent than in Blue Monday Strip, a 1993 piece that was a gift from Horn to the Guggenheim Museum in tonic York City.Blue Monday Strip big characteristics of Form and ContentHorns piece, Blue Monday Strip, was actually a gift that the artist bestowed upon the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. This dynamic work measures, in inches, 192 1/8th by 137, and is composed of everyday (although some are somewhat dated) materials older, or vintage typewriters, ink, metal, and motors. A crucial aspect of this particular piece is that it is mechanized, so there is movement it is essentially, animated, and in quite a literal sense. As an animator, this is a feature that is important to me.Ragheb has described Blue Monday Strip as a group of vintage typewriters that are emancipated from the orderly world power world and set akimbo, transformed into an unruly dance orchestra whose keys chatter ceaselessly in a raucous dialogue (1993). The monotony of the droning typewriters is clearly symbolic of the relentless sameness that was at one time experienced by the secretaries who operated them each week, starting on the initiative day of the work cyclethe blue Monday An occasional splotch of blue paintpresumably ink? Might we go so removed-off as to say sweat, or possibly tears?breaks the monotony. The ability to pillow life into dyspnoeic forms in such an effective and dramatic way is something that I, as an animator, find truly compelling.Another feature of Horns work that appeals to me is her sense of perspective her work is based in publica quantifiable and verifiable reality, as I would like tap to be. In other words, much of modern art has been criticized for its abstract qualities a good deal a sculpture or painting will be unacceptable to describe until we read the title. Then we can say, oh, yes, its clearly a pear, anyone can see thatwhen in reality it looks nothing like a pear at all.Horns work does not exact this type of abstractness its primary components are easily identified as typewriters, nevertheless because of the mode of presentation, we are forced into perceive them in a new way. As Winterson has scripted, art has the knack of helping us to see what we would usually miss. . . Artists see better than we do, and help us to look twice. Horns way of seeing is to go past the sensible, obvious arrangements of objects and people, and rearrange them in a way that is not obvious at all (Winterson, 2005).In this specific piece, the objects forward us are authentic, but they are in an unusual setting, one which calls attention to them and forces us to insure them in unusual ways. Blue Monday Strip is, as the title enkindles, a strip, or section, of a life that includes not just one, but several typewriters. What does this suggest, other than an office? An office on a blue Monday? A setting in which individuals more or less likely womenfind themselves trapped again and again, Monday after Monday, with little likeliness of change beyond the Saturday and Sunday that separate the weeks.This is the kind of thought do by I would like to spark with my own workit need not be mysterious to the viewer it need be nothing more than what it appears to the average eye. But to those who care, or dare, to look, it will suggest ideas and themes in subtle, yet consciously planned ways. As Ragheb says of Horns sculpture, the viewer can see a disorganized row of machines and nothing more or, he or she can see something further. One can feel the peter out of wasted lives, the emptiness of disappointed hopes, the frustration of unfulfil guide desire, by victorious a second look at the forlorn collection of typewriters Whether mechanomorphic bodies or anthropomorphic machines, all of Horns works are pregnant with sexual allusions and the ache of desire (Ragheb).Horns career has spanned everyplace three decades, and though she has experimented with form and theme throughout, she has returned again and again to corporate themes. At times, her work is a celebration of the body, in respectful, awed acclaim of its power at others, it seems a re proachful and cynical statement on the treachery of the body.Ideas, Practices, and Issues Relating to the BodyHorns early reading turned on(p) an interest in Surrealism and the absurd this was further inspired in new-fashioned adulthood, when she was introduced to the works of Franz Kafka and Jean Genet, and by the films of Luis Buuel and Pier Paolo Pasolini (Ragheb). The absurdist philosophies of Kafka and Genet, and the obscure themes of Buuel and Pasolini, are unembellished to a great extent in all of her works. Yet what stirred her life and her work most was what she has interpreted as a perfidiousness of her own body. In an interview with Jeanette Winterson last year, Horn described dickens of the key events that caused a change in the course of her life and work. foremost was the onset, at age 20i, of a serious lung condition. This was the result of working, by her own account, unprotected, with glass fibre. No one had told her that it was a dangerous material. As a resul t, after a flow of intense work, while living in a cheap hotel in Barcelonaone of those hotels where you rent rooms by the hourshe found herself dangerously ill. During this unfortunate period, she also found herself only ifboth parents had died. I was totally isolated, she told Winterson. To recuperate, she was forced to spend time in a sanatorium, a setting in which her sense of closing off was magnified.This enforced period of extended rest became an experience that ultimately led her to consider the workings of the body in a new way. She began to view the body it in terms of isolation and vulnerability. Thats when I began to produce my root body-sculptures. I could sew lying in bed (qtd. in Winterson, 2005). What resulted from this period were a series of designs that would extend her body explains Winterson (2005).Apparently, this was more than a reactionist phase, as Horn continued on this trajectory after her spillage from the sanatorium. Back at art school, she worked w ith soft materials, such as prosthetic bandages and padding, creating protective, cocoon-like pieces. Works from this early period include Finger Gloves (1972), Pencil suppress (1972), and Black Cockfeathers (1971). According to Winterson, isolation becomes a message in a bottle the viewer can retrieve what is inside (2005). Eventually Horn gravitated more and more into performance art, but instead of abandoning the body-extension sculptures, she used them as part of her performance (Ragheb).The limitations of the body, and of ones time on earth, are apparent even as the actions of Horns mechanized sculptures suggest endless time. There is a beauty in the symmetry of Blue Monday Strip, a duality in the suggestion of the mundane in a setting of what appears to be perpetual motion. To express animation through inanimate objects is to do the unexpected, particularly in Horns chosen format. This is what I would like to achieve in my own art.Conclusion A contextual InvestigationAll art is contextual in that it is dependent upon its environment. What it is, as well as the time in which it is brought into existence, are both aspects that essential be considered when assessing its value. Art that relates to the body is unique in the sense that although our individual bodies flummox a limited amount of time on this earth, the body, such as it is, is perpetual. It will always exist, though each of us as individuals has a limited time span on this earth.The work of Rebecca Horn is appealing in a timeless sense one gets the sentiment that it will be appreciated and valued even in the far distant future, in a time when machines such as typewriters have ceased to play a role in society, other than as a symbol of the past. Her work is relevant in ways that I, as a fellow artist, find significant and familiarand this familiarity exists despite the fact that we work in media that are altogether different from each other. Despite this difference, a common theme exists and s eems to resonate when I observe her work and consider it against my own. Though we work with different materials, there is a common theme, a sense of the fleeting nature of our corporeal existence against a background of the details of life. Her works are animated, though in a much different way than my own art is animated.The sense of activity and movement I see in her work is something that is appealing and energizing. It brings to mind the limitations of the human body, yet at the same time it brings to light the concept that human activity goes on, even though we as individuals do not. Doing this within my own medium is something I can strive for, and hope on some level to achieve.As Ragheb has written, Horns work is located in the nexus between body and machine, and it transmogrifies the ordinary into the enigmatic (1993). I would take these even further Horns ability to find a niche between body and machine has been effect with dexterity and precision, yet at the same time wi th a nuance that lends itself to individual interpretation. This, in essence, is the crux of her appeal to me as a practitioner. She can take everyday objectstypewriters, motors, ink, bits of metaland juxtapose them in such unique ways that viewers look at them in ways that are new and yet familiar at the same time.ReferencesCork, Richard. 2005. Rebecca Horn invades our senses. clock Online, Weekend Review, Arts, May 21, 2005. Retrieved fromhttp//entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,14933-1620638,00.htmlRagheb, J. Fiona. Rebecca Horn. Retrieved fromhttp//www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_66.htmlSmith, Roberta. 1993. Review/Art Fountains of Mercury, aPiano Spitting Out Keys Sculpture as Dramas. New York Times, July 2, 1993.Retrieved electronically on 5/12/06 fromhttp//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3D81E3BF931A35754C0A965958260&sec=&pagewanted= brandWinterson, Jeanette. 2005. The Bionic Woman. TheGuardian. Monday, May 23, 2005. Retrieved from http//art s.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1489933,00.htmli In the Winterson interview, Horn is quoted as explaining that the onset of her illness occurred at age 20, although critic J. Fiona Rahgreb and others have written the age as 24.

Life Insurance And Swot Analysis Commerce Essay

spiritedness storying indemnification And Swot compendium Commerce EssaySecurity has always been a universal desire, righteousness from the earliest civilizations. This quest for hostage has been a major motivating oblige in the progress of bitkind. The early societies looked up to their families for providing this security, which beargond in sticking units. Gradu exclusivelyy, as spiritednessstyles changed and as man progressed into a more modern industrialized setup, this cohesive shade of the family started fading. One had to look for a no.her(prenominal) ways of providing economic security and somewhere a unyielding the line was born - amends.The indemnification landscape in India is in the make for of tremendous change. Closed to irrelevant competition all overdue to nationalization in 1956, the Indian indemnification pains was run by the government for over 40 historic period through the smell amends corporation of India (LIC) and four general inde mnity companies that spanned the length and breadth of the country.In the last couple of years in that respect argon a some forces typifying on the industry that have brought unspoiled signifi female genitaliat changes in the behaviour of the industry trends. Moreover there have been significant changes in the run outlook with respect to indemnification industry. From the opinion that it was an instrument mean to decl ar oneself m wiztary support at the time of the death of an individual, bearing policy policy brio indemnification grew up to be a major financial instrument during the past 50 years in our country. on that point has in corresponding manner been a change in the con comeer outlook with regards to invigoration amends as precise beneficiary financial machine as against the Jewish-Orthodox opinion of unfruitful use of money.In this highly war-ridden commercialise where mere survival has become primary objective for companies, customer assistance holds a major place in business. all(prenominal) insurance federation delivers service as per the terms of contract, however there argon very a couple of(prenominal) companies that go beyond the contract and augment the customers. This adopts a lettered and trained staff i.e. the agents. The following determinations throw light on the service perspective bringing out the fundamentals of service merchandising and its determinants. The finding of the research widens the consumer netherstanding aspect and it would be very helpful to invite customization. The research studies the changing trends in tone insurance and describes the latent capability and in addition gives a hypothesis on the future of the insurance industry based on the study of insurance vault of heaven and the expert opinion. argument of insurance policyWe live in exciting times with changes and upheavals all around. upstart(a) technologies, new inventions and changes in the economic and financial scenario , all have throw up new insurance needs needs never felt up or heard before. This type of evolutionary process, in the last fewer decades, has given hope to new types of need-based insurance covers public liability insurance, harvest liability insurance, indemnity for medical practitioners for negligence, indemnity for chartered accountants and auditors for professional lapses, etceteratera Further, covers ar engineering insurance, erection insurance, loss of profit, cover against atomic ray and space travel and contracting AIDS.Around 6000 years ago, Babylonians, whose home in the Tigris Euph crops valley lay at the crossroads of early world traffic, had demonstrable business practices to a high degree. Babylon had become the clearinghouse of trade as all the important land trade routes converged in that territory. From Armenia in the north, China and India in the east, Egypt in the west, caravans came laden with merchandise. though Babylon built up a gigantic commercial system, and her people were the front to enjoy the fruits of political sparing, their territory was touch by huge tracts of desert.Recorded evidences testify that ancient India was a spectacular maritime power. There were busy seaports on the west coast at Broach, at Kaveripumpatnam in the south and Bang in the east. Traders expressed difficulties in realizing money for the goods sent abroad. Loans were advanced to traders at specified rates of have-to doe with depending on the riskiness run and the duration of time for which money was required. work force skilled in sea voyages worked out risk agiotage rates.The archetypical Indian insurance conjunction was the Bombay Mutual Assurance Society ltd., make in 1870. This was followed by the Oriental life Assurance in 1874, the Bharat in 1896 and the Empire of India in 1897. Hindustan Cooperative was formed in Calcutta, the United India in Madras, The Bombay manners in Bombay, The National in Calcutta, The New India in Bomba y, The Jupiter in Bombay and the Lakshmi in New Delhi. These were all Indian companies started as a result of the swadeshi movement in the early 1900s. By the year 1956, when the feel insurance business was nationalized and the spirit damages Corporation of India (LIC) was formed on beginning(a) September 1956, there were 170 companies and 75 provident fund societies interacting life insurance business in India. After the amendment to the relevant laws in 1999, the LIC did not have the exclusive privilege of doing life insurance business in India. By 31st march 2002, eleven new insurance companies had been registered and began to transact life insurance business in India.Does one need insuranceThe business of insurance is related to nurseion of the economic values of the pluss. Every addition is of some value and is expected to last for a reliable period of time during which it provide deliver that value. In slip the asset is destroyed it ceases to provide the value to the owner thus leading to an rough situation. amends is a mechanism to slenderize the effect of such virulent situation. Human life is considered to be a value generating asset and is likewise subject to risks. Assets ar take cargond because there if a possibility that perhaps they might get destroyed, through accidental occurrences. Such possible occurrences atomic number 18 called perils. If such perils can cause damage to the asset we say that the asset is exposed to risk. To be more prcised Perils are the events and risks are the eventful losses or damages. The risk precisely means that there is a possibility of a loss or damage, the loss whitethorn or whitethorn not happen. Insurance is done against the contingency that it might happen. Insurance is relevant only if there are uncertainties. If there is no uncertainness close to the occurrence of an event, it cannot be insured against. In case of order beings death is certain however the time of death is uncertain.In surance doesnt protect the asset. It doesnt prevent the loss due to its peril. The perils can sometime be avoided by ensuring break dance safety and damage control attention. Insurance only tries to reduce the impact of the risk on the owner of the asset and those who depend on that asset. Only economic consequences can be insured. If the loss is not financial, insurance may not be possible. Moreover insurance is backed up with galore(postnominal) economic benefits which can be enlisted as follows. life insurance provides financial security to the family in case of untimely or untimely death. brio insurance is also a potent instrument for saving.Life insurance provides financial independence in old age.Organizations or individuals, who are in credit business, can ensure for themselves recovery of loan in case their debtor dies.A partnership firm can insure partners to the extent of capital invested by each in the business.Under -key man insurance, an organization can insure the lives of their executives, whose expertise greatly contributes to their profits.Organizations can bribe free radical insurance policies as a part of their employee- wel off the beaten track(predicate)e program.Life insurance also provides tax benefits to the holder.Life insurance policies create an estate.Life insurance policies also create thrift. I.e. a compulsory saving.A form _or_ system of government of life insurance can be used as a collateral security for procuring loans from the grocery.Working of life-Insurance Business There are tierce primary methods to avoid risk viz.A) AVOIDB) REDUCEC) impartInsurance deals with transfer of risk from the consumer to the provider. Insurance works on a fundamental principle of pooling of risk. People who are exposed to the same risk come together and agree that, if any one of them suffers a loss, the others result share the loss and make good the person who has suffered the loss. The manner in which the loss is to be shared can be determined beforehand. It may be proportional to the risk that each person is exposed to. This would be indicative of the benefit he would invite if the peril befell him. Insurance companies bespeak the share in the form of agios and create a fund from which losses are paid this fund is known as the life fund. The insurance company endures the losses to the members of that group. The insurance company also invests the funds in governmental and personal organizations. Ex. LIC has lent a capital of Rs.215million to NABARD for its rural finance activities.Life Insurance Marketing TriangleThe above diagram explains the serve triangle with its three constituents, namely, the company, the provider and the consumer. separately of them have been explained as follows-The connection The bon ton makes various promises to its customers through external securities industrying. The way and means of marketing ordain be covered it the marketing com pranceture.The Provider The agent s and the learning officers act as the front-line staff and they are in direct contact with the potential difference or existing customers. They are the ones who keep or satisfy the promises do by the company. The marketing of insurance basically comes under concept selling. The agents are thus given various incentives, rewards, commissions and all the necessary training required. As regards incentive, they receive PLI (Productivity Linked Incentive), which is based on the increase in premium amount and the sums awake(predicate) by the agent. They are also given tautologic commissions in case of policies, which are of high value. There are ordinary promotions for any good work done on a repair basis. The agents generally work under the training and guidance of their respective development officers.The Consumers The consumers are the policyholders. Apart from the routine life insurance policies other function like housing finance, mutual funds, pension and group insurance. T hus the betray of consumers is far and wideLife insurance mixThe identification of the sevener Ps of marketing mix helps a firm to form better marketing strategies and also to serve the customers in a more effectual manner.Product MixThe best way to get and keep customers is to forever figure out how to give them more for less. A ware mix is the set of all crossroads and items that a particular seller offers for sale. In case of insurance firmament, the ware mix comprises of Life and Non life insurance policies that are offered to the customer by the company. A companys product mix has certain width, length, abstrusity and consistency. The length of a product mix refers to the make sense number of items in the mix. In case of insurance empyrean, the following is the length of product mixWhole Life insuranceLimited Payment Life standardized Whole Life PolicyJoint Life Endowment PolicyDouble Endowment PolicyJeevan SaathiMoney Back Policyannuity PlansGroup Insurance PolicyB ima SandeshWith or Without hit PolicyThe discernment of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line in the insurance sector, one policy can be made available in different variations. Some of the examples are as followsWHOLE LIFE SCHEMESWhole life policy square lifeLimited payment whole lifeSingle agio With profit policyThese product mix dimensions permit the company to stretch forth its business. E.g. It can add new product lines thus widening its product mix.Product DifferentiationProduct differentiation may be referred to as the points or the qualities that a firm has in its product, which makes the product different from its competitors product. The product differentiation as far as the insurance sector and LIC in particular is concerned are as follows-Bonus- insurance companies issue bounty to their policyholders when they make a substantial amount of profit. If a company issues a high amount of indemnity, it delights the customer and creates a good image in the eyes of the customer.Past records- the differentiation can be done on the basis of past records. Customers choose to take policy from that company which has puff up past records in terms of claim settling periods, premium accretion intervals etc.Market reputation- a company with a good market reputation and good result is perceived to deliver the best of the service quality and customer satisfaction.Technology- technology plays an important part in product differentiation. For e.g. LIC was the inaugural company in the insurance sector to introduce use of I.T and Computers. This makes customers feel that the company is not lagging behind the world and is capable of fashioning the full use of technology to satisfy the customers.Feedback- feedback from customers also is an important tool with which product of the company can be differentiated. If effective steps are been taken on the feedback of the customers, it leaves a long lasting impression on the minds of the customers.Price- if a particular company charges more for the same product as compared to their competitors, it may lose the customers and vice versa.Price MixPrice is one element in the marketing mix that produces revenue all the other elements produce costs. Prices are easiest marketing mix elements to adjust product features, carry and even promotion take more time. Price also communicates to the market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. In the insurance sector, every company has to deposit an initial fixed capital of about Rest. 100 crore with Insurance regulatory Development Authority, which is considered as the apex dust of Insurance sector. The company gets periodic interest on this amount. With this interest amount, the company pays for the recruitment, training and development of the agents. The legal injury in case of insurance sector refers to the premium charged on the policy. The Tariff advisory committee fixes the terms f or each policy. Hence all insurance companies have to charge approximately similar premium on similar policies. However, different elements affect the rate of premium to be charged on each policy. The footing for the same policy is different for different companies.The company must set its price in relation to the value delivered and perceived by the customer. If, the price is high than the value received, the customer will not be willing to pay so high and the company will lose potential profits. If the price is less than the value received then, the company will fail to receive the profit that it deserves for providing a good service.BLUE PRINTING SEVICE MAPPINGThe gloomfulweed printing show what the product should look like a details the specification to which it should conform. In contrast to the physical architecture of building, ship, or piece of equipment service process have a largely intangible structure. The process of logistics, industrial engineering, decision the ory, and computer system analysis each of which employs blue print techniques to describe processes involving flow, sequences, relationship and dependencies.Sectorial studyInsurance is curtly gaining all the attention and what used to be a strange would in it is a household name, thanks to enterprise up of the industry, while there are several reasons for opening up of insurance sector the foreign investors are eyeing it as a very lucrative prospect. After the opening up, several cloak-and-dagger insurers have started operating in life insurance, in particular in subway system areas. New marketing channels like Banc assurance, brokers, etc. are also in the offing.KEY MARKET INDICATORS.Size of market life non-life$16 billion supply Global insurance premium (as on 2001)$2408.25 billion(-1.5% as against 2000)Rate of annual addition 2002-03Life- 11.27%Non-life- 23%Geographical limitation for new playersNone. Players can operate all over the country. fitting labourComposite regis tration not available.Equity restriction in the new Indian insurance companyForeign investor can hold up to 26% of the equity.Number of registered companies.Public sector 01 Private sector 13Comparison of similar policy of competition familyPolicy minute of arc/Max insertion ageMinimum superiorMin sum assuredLiquidity yearsMaturity benefitsLICMoney back with Profit13/50Rs. 3186 yearlyRs. 500005,10,15,2040% of sum assured + bonusesICICI prudent currencybook16/55Rs. 6000 yearlyRs. 750004,8,12,16,2050% of sum assured + bonusesBajaj AllianzCash Gain14/50Rs. 5000 yearlyRs. 500004,8,12,16,20125% of sum assured + bonusesLife insurers in IndiaAs an answer to globalization of preservation and the change magnitude pressure of the WTO regulations, the govt. appointed the Malhotra Committee. After considering all aspects, the government ultimately enacted Insurance regulatory and development authority and vested the authority to formulate regulations for insurance industry. IRDA and the LIC allowed the entry of foreign investors on a limit that they enter in quislingism with a local company.Public sectorPrivate sectorLife Insurance Corporation of India(LIC)1. Allianz Bajaj life insurance companionship limited.2. Birla sun life insurance federation limited.3. HDFC standard life insurance company limited.4. ICICI prudential life insurance Company limited.5. Reliance life insurance Company limited.6. ING visa life insurance Company limited.7. Max New York life insurance Company limited.8. MetLife insurance company limited.9. Om Kodak Mahindra life insurance co. ltd.10. SBI insurance company limited11. TATA-AIG life insurance Company limited.12. AMP-Samar Assurance Company limited.13. Aviva Life insurance company limitedLife Insurance Players in India1. Yr. 1947-2000 (From 1947 to 1st April 2000)First life insurance company (LIC) set by Indian government in 1956. This is public company.2. Yr. 2000-2001 (From 2nd April 2000 to 31st December2001)Insurance fabricatio n in the year 2000-2001 had 10 new entrants, namelySynod.RegistrationNumber employment of Reg. lay down of the Company110123.10.2000HDFC old-hat Life Insurance Company Ltd.210415.11.2000Max New York Life Insurance Co. Ltd.310524.11.2000ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd.410710.01.2001KodakHYPERLINK http//www.omkotakmahindra.com/Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance Limited510931.01.2001Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Ltd.611012.02.2001Tata AIG Life Insurance Company Ltd.711130.03.2001SBI Life Insurance Company Limited.811402.08.2001ING HYPERLINK http//www.ingvysyalife.com/Visa Life Insurance Company Private Limited911603.08.2001Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Limited1011706.08.2001MetLifeHYPERLINK http//www.metlife.co.in/India Insurance Company Pvt. Ltd.3. Yr 2001-2002 (From 1st Jan 2001 to Dec. 2002)Insurance industry in this year, so farhas 5 new entrants namelyS.No.RegistrationNumberDate of Reg.Name of the Company112103.01.2002AMP HYPERLINK http//www.ampsanmar.com/S amar Life Insurance Company Limited.212214.05.2002Aviva Life Insurance Co. India Pvt. Ltd.4. Yr 2003-2004 (From 1st Jan 2003 till Date)Insurance Industry in this year, so farhas 1new entrants namelyS.No.RegistrationNumberDate of Reg.Name of the Company112706.02.2004Sahara India Insurance Company Ltd.Performance of the IndustryPost-Privatization, the life insurance industry grows by leaps and bounds. The attitude of people towards life insurance itself is changing. People are becoming more and more aware of the advantages of the Life insurance policies. Generally performance in life is mensural in terms of first year premium collection and no. of lives covered. In 2003-04 Life Industry grew by 10.5% in terms of first year premium. It is showing steady growth rate in the reliable financial year as well. The sector witnessed a growth of over 50% for the month of April 2004, vis--vis April 2003. The premium in comparison, LIC underwrote premium of Rs.72, 304.62 lakh i.e., a market sha re of 82.33%. In terms of policies Underwritten, the market share of the backstage players was 17.88% as against 82.17% of LIC. The premium underwritten by the cloistered players for individual policies stood at Rs.12, 107.63 lakh, towards 89,918 policies with group premium accounting for Rs.3, 411.30 lakh towards 84 schemes. The number of lives covered under group schemes was 1, 01,392. ICICI Prudential continued to lead amongst the semiprivate players with premium at 6.15% and policies at 4.85%. In terms of number of lives covered, OM Kodak led with 21,325 lives viz., 5.83% of the total lives covered. Premium underwritten by LIC under Varishtha Bima Yojana during the month of April, 2004 was Rs.26, 734.25 lakh towards 13899 policies of which 29.60%, in terms of some(prenominal) premium and policies, was underwritten in the rural sector.From the opinion that it was an instrument intended to provide monetary support at the time of the death of an individual, life insurance life insurance grew up to be a major financial instrument during the past 50 years in our country. There has also been a change in the consumer outlook with regards to life insurance as very beneficiary financial tool as against the orthodox thinking of unfruitful use of money. Increasing number of people has been opting for it. The number of policies issued by the LIC of India since 1995-96 is a clear indication of the popularity gained by life insurance.Competitors on life insuranceYear.No. of policies (total)No. of policies (rural)1995-961996-971997-981998-991999-20002002-20031.10 core1.23 crore1.33 crore1.48 crore1.70 crore2.42 crore52.57 lacs.60.33 lacs.68.40 lacs.81.23 lacs.97.04 lacs.45.23 lacs.Form the above dining table it is eminent that the importance of life insurance has grown gradually over a period of time not only in metro areas but also in rural areas.As there has been a dramatic increase in the importance of life insurance, the number of policies issued per annum has a lso increased, thus leading to a great change in the total premium amount collected. The total amount mobilized by LIC during the past few yearsstands witness to the growing importance of insurance.(Rs. In Cores) Total amount mobilized1998-992002-03Total premium income from investmentsRs.22,805.80 Rs. 13,183.92Rs.54602.37 Rs.25030.50Market share of private playerCharacteristics of Insurance sector as oligopoly are as follows1. Presence of few sellers After slackening the no. of sellers increased from 1 to 13 as on date, like LIC, ICICI Prudential, HDFC Standard, Birla Sun life, Om Kodak, SBI Life, ING Visa, and MAX New York Life etc.2. Regulator IRDA (Insurance Regulatory Development Authority) regulates the Insurance industry. License to the new comer is granted by it only. All products, premiums, Tariffs require its approval.3. Price Giver Price of the policy i.e. premium is calculated by the actuaries of the respective companies depending upon the nature of risks covered, covera ge of the policy and many other probability calculations. But premium as well as the product needs to be approved by IRDA.4. Entry or Exit Barrier There is no free entry into this sector as already outlined New entrants has to satisfy certain condition before entering into this industry. Exit is even tougher since all the contracts are long term so there are very strict regulations for make pass from the industry by IRDA.5. Product Differentiation There are no homogenous products. There are wide varieties of products available in the market. Each seller can introduceAny new policy depending on the efficiency of its product development team within the broad guidelines of IRDA.6. advertizement Sellers spend huge amount of their yearly budget on advertizement to educate the consumers about their products and their company. IRDA ensures that advertisement does not mislead people. The IRDA has made it needed that every advertisement carries the line Insurance is matter of solicitati on- so that people know that they are reading an advertisement.7. coronation Policy Investment of life fund up to 75% in government securities is mandatory as per IRDA. 89% of the total surplus to be distributed to policyholder as bonus every year.8. Market Share Still the private sector companies are in nascent stage and major chunk of market pie is legato owned by public sector giant (LIC). But private players are also competing very bravely.The influence of private players has created the following benefitsBenefits to customers simplification in the price of product under competitive market.More ripe products to be available in a competitive market.Improved management of investment portfolio.Improved quality of service due to use of IT and multi diffusion channels.Benefits to IndustryNew Insurers to earn high profit in the initial stages due to large size of Indian insurance market.Insurance intermediaries will include agents, Brokers, Independent Financial Consultants etc. T he commission paid may exceed Rs.46000 Cores in a period of 10 yrs. annually.Advertising campaigns may reap benefits as an additional advt. market for Rs.10000 Cores will be overt in 10 yrs. directly related to the insurance sector.Computer industries will benefit.Placement services, management institutes training institutes will also be benefited as the insurance sector after opening up will require many people thus increasing the employment opportunities.PEST epitome for Insurance services Political/ LegalInfluences which have an impact on financial services and consumer pledge include the following The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)Reforms in the Insurance sector were initiated with the passage of the IRDA philippic in Parliament in December 1999. The IRDA since its incorporation as a statutory proboscis in April 2000 has fastidiously stuck to its schedule of framing regulations and registering the private sector insurance companies. The other decision taken simultaneously to provide the supporting systems to the insurance sector and in particular the life insurance companies was the launch of the IRDAs online service for issue and renewal of licenses to agents. The approval of institutions for imparting training to agents has also ensured that the insurance companies would have a trained workforce of insurance agents in place to sell their products, which are expected to be introduced by early next year. The IRDA since its incorporation as a statutory body has been framing regulations and registering the private sector insurance companies. IRDA being an independent statutory body has put a framework of globally compatible regulations.Privatization of Insurance sectorThe introduction of private players in the industry has added to the colours in the dull industry. The initiatives taken by the private players are very competitive and have given immense competition to the one time monopoly of the market LIC. Since the advent of the private players in the market the industry has seen new and forward-looking steps taken by the players in this sector. The new players have amend the service quality of the insurance. As a result LIC down the years have seen the declining phase in its career. The market share was distributed among the private players. Though LIC still holds the 80% of the insurance sector but the upcoming natures of these private players are enough to give more competition to LIC in the near future. FDI in insurance sectorThen, the issue came of amount of FDI to be allowed by a foreign player in the insurance sector. The government had allowed the private players to have foreign equity up to just 26 %. Efforts are going on to raise this to 49 %. After the opening up of the sector, a total of 18 private sector companies have entered the life insurance business and all of them have entered with a foreign partner. economic factors are key variables which have an impact on the activity in the financi al services sector. The level of consumer activity is governed by income levels and personal wealth. As income levels grow, more discretionary income is available to spend on financial services. Consumer confidence in the prudence and in job security also has a major impact if lean times are foreseen ahead, savings will take priority over loans and other forms of expenditure. Consumers may also look easy access savings and be willing to tie up their money for longer periods with potentially more attractive investments. Indian economy growth projectionsBy 2025 the Indian economy is projected to be about 60 per cent the size of the US economy. The transformation into a tri-polar economy will be complete by 2035, with the Indian economy only a little smaller than the US economy but bigger than that of Western Europe. By 2035, India is likely to be a larger growth driver than the six largest countries in the EU, though its impact will be a little over half that of the US. India, whic h is now the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, will overtake japan and become third major economic power within 10 years.All these facts or forecasts only drive at one point. India is

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Jordan

Effects of extraneous point Investment on JordanChapter 1 IntroductionProblem background external subscribe investiture funds has sprain the playing field frugal driver of globalisation, accounting for everywhere half of entirely cross-b effectuate enthronisations. for example, approximately $1 trillion in greenfield enthronization was announced by companies in 2007, creating about 3 million jobs in their afield subsidiaries.Companies be rapidly globalising through and through FDI to serve new markets and customers, map out their respect chains in the roughly efficient locations globally, and to inlet scientific and earthy resources. A g all overnment of a nonher untaught whitethorn too influence to invest in other countries through the transmit provision of grants to evolution countries.Foreign topical anaestheticise enthronisation is often utilise by international companies as a means of extending their manufacturing to countries abroad. Foreign subscri be to coronation by transnational figureetary houses is said to harbour grown tremendously over the finish two decades even above address flows. (Markusen and Venables, 1999). International scotch military operation increasingly involves international production and intra-firm trade by multinational firms and it is promptly estimated that approximately 30% of origination trade is intra-firm. (Markusen and Venables, 1999). Despite the ontogeny in FDI, Markusen and Venables (1999) extract that we perk up a poor understanding of the ways in which channelise enthronisation is just a simple substitute for trade, as in force(p) as the ways in which it is roughthing quite different.Countries often swirl incentives to unknown investors in a bid to lure them to invest in house servant firms. These incentives come in the form of trade indemnity concessions, pecuniary assistance and appraise breaks. (Girma, 2001). For example, Girma (2001) notes that the British gove rnment go awayd the equivalent of $30,000 per employee to attract Samsung to atomic number 7 East England and $50,000 per employee to attract Siemens to Newcastle. (UNCTAD, 1996). This incentive packages atomic number 18 justified on the grounds that productiveness pips would be accrue to domestic producers from knowledge externalities generated by opposed affiliates. (Smarzynska, 2002). Furthermore, Girma (2001) suggests that these incentive schemes harbor been justified on the grounds that the urge the creation of jobs, as well as expanseal phylogenesis. It is often believed that in that location is a productivity gap between remote owned firms and domestic firms and the attraction of international localise enthronement toilette help duet this gap due to the potential for spillovers. Girma and Wakelin (2000) suggests that spillovers would have regional dimension for a number of reasons. Spillovers dirty dog result from the direct contacts with local suppliers an d allocators. This may attire from upward and downward linkages which may be local in disposition therefrom minimising transport costs and facilitating communication between the supplier/distributor and the Multinational firm. (Girma and Wakelin, 2000). In attachment, multinationals provide training to employees which maturations the turnover of labour thus creating another avenue for spillovers. (Haacker, 1999) cited by Girma and Wakelin (2000). (Girma, 2001). However, Smarzynska (2002) suggests that there is little conclusive severalise indicating that domestic firms expediency from strange presence in their sphere. It has alike been suggested that multinational firms have an incentive to prevent information leakage that would advance the mental process of their local competitors in the equivalent industry but at the same time may want to transfer knowledge to local suppliers in other suppliers. Smarzynska (2002). As a result, spillover depressions from external di rect investing are more likely than not to take place through backward linkages, that is, through contacts between domestic suppliers of intermediate inputs and their multinational clients. Smarzynska (2002). iodine would reasonably expect outside direct enthronization to have an uphold on the scotchal harvesting of a demesne. Foreign direct investment is said to provide a number of benefits to the receiving unsophisticated through technological transfers, knowledge transfers and so on for example, for example, Borensztein et al. (1998) employ a good example of technology dispersal to show that the rate of economic growth of a backward body politic depends on the extent of adoption and implementation of new technologies that are already in use in leading countries.Carves (1974) had before suggested that opposed direct investment influenced army country conditions through two main channels. Firstly, outside(prenominal) direct investment should result in technologic al transfers to military country firms. This should be so because multinational companies provide subsidiaries with an strength advantage which should indirectly generate spillover effects to other domestic firms irrespective of whether they are subsidiaries of the multinational company or not. Secondly, multinational presence could besides have nix effects on domestic firms as this would result into an increased take of competition in the soldiery country.As far back as the 1970s, many host country governments and some economists viewed multinational investment as detrimental to host economies eudaemonia and development, creating monopoly situations that exported those economies and stifled local competition. (Markusen and Venebles, 1999). The view in the 1990s was however considerably different and more optimistic, suggesting that multinationals have weighty complementaries with local industry and may stimulate development in host economies. (Markusen and Venables, 1999).In the absence of any microeconomic imperfections, a small foreign direct investment (FDI) project entrust have no effect on host economy welfare, so if a case is to be made for gains and losses, it must rest on the possibility that FDI creates or interacts with distortions in the host economy. (Markusen and Venables, 1999).1.2. Motivation of the get windJordan remains a major region of secret foreign direct investment. Studying the match of foreign direct investment on Jordans economic growth can be justified for a number of reasons. FDI theory suggests that multinational firms have firm specific assets which imply that the may also have toweringer productivity than domestic firms as a result of the superior technological knowledge, access to international electronic bread profitworkworks and management structure. (Girma, 2001). A company with uplifted foreign direct investment is thereof expected to be capable of benefiting from a existent increase in net exports which is a major determinant of economic growth. According to Girma (2001) the fact that multinational companies have taller aims of productivity growth indicates that the host country should enjoy two main benefits (1) the host country should benefit from new production facilities or benefit from the rescue of failing firms in the case of acquisition, potentially raising output, employment and exports (2) foreign firms should be unable to internalise their advantages fully which should enable domestic firms to benefit from spillovers. (Girma, 2001). The combine effects of these benefits should therefore result in high aims of economic growth. It is therefore essential to test these propositions using entropy on Jordan.Foreign direct investment has been carried out in many other countries mostly in the Western countries such as the unify res publica, United States, Germany, China, and so forth The publications seems to be lacking in terms of Jordan. With increasing growth in multin ational natural action and increase concern as to whether FDI contributes to the general welfare of an economy, it is the interest of this paper to understand whether FDI contributes to the economic growth of a country, make reference to Jordan as a case study. Most of the studies on foreign direct investment have focused on the spillover effects of FDI activity to domestic companies. In addition, most of the studies have been carried out using microeconomic summary. This paper considers the problem from a macroeconomic perspective by analyse the direct relationship between FDI activity and economic growth on Jordan.1.3. Objectives of the Study.The objective of this study is to theoretical account the effects of foreign direct investment on Jordan by using gist macroeconomic data over the uttermost 1976 to 2006. To isolate the effects of other macroeconomic variables on economic growth and to improve the overall significance of the form, the neoclassical growth model give b e employed.1.4 Significance of the Study.The study will serve as a yard stick for policy makers when designing macroeconomic policy in relation to incentives related to the attraction of foreign direct investment in Jordan, openness of the economy, designing monetary and fiscal policy in Jordan. The inquiry will also serve as a acquire for encourage research to students and researchers interested in studying the impact of foreign direct investment on the economic growth of Jordan.1.5. Limitations of the Study.Chapter 2. Literature retread2.1 Definition of Foreign Direct Investment.Foreign direct investment is define as the process whereby a company in one country makes a physiologic investment to build a factory in another country. These acknowledge investments made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside the economy of the investing company. Foreign direct investment is often promoted by multinational companies when they decide to expand their manufactu ring or bank linees abroad. Foreign direct investment is also considered to be a diversification scheme pursued mostly by multinational companies which involves the purchased of assets, usually associated with manufacturing or dispersion facilities, in another country. FDI is often regarded as the second stage of overseas involvement after agency or licensing agreements have been used to settle a market. Investors in such companies find it more allow for to reinvest the wampum generated from foreign activities due to the difficulties entailed in the repatriation of profits, as well as the differences in impose systems that may make it more efficient to retain meshwork and reinvest overseas, than to bring them home.2.2 Determinants of Foreign Direct InvestmentAccording to Lim (2008) citing Dunning (1996, p. 56) there are four types of motives behind the FDI activities of multinational firms. These embarrass resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking, and strategy asset capacity seeking. (Lim, 2008 p. 40). These are referred to by the UNCTAD as economic determinants. (Lim, 2008). A host countrys policy framework and business facilitation also plays an authoritative role in determining MNCs FDI activities. These include the sizing of the domestic market, institutional and political environment of the host country, the number of distribution channels, the level of financial development, the taxation policy of the host country etc. According to James (2008) the level of financial development may accept the level of foreign direct investment. Accordingly, financial development acts as a mechanism in facilitating the adoption of new technologies in the domestic economy. (James, 2008). It has also been suggested that the building of distribution channels in the host country may also affect the level of foreign direct investment. (Stoian and Filipaios, 2008). This indicates that the more distribution channels a firm can build and the more comfort able it is to build these channels in the host country, the higher would be the likeliness that the multinational company will make an investment in the host country. Another important factor is the political environment of the host country. It has been suggested in the literature that there is a relationship between broad indices of socio-political unstableness and institutional quality, political freedom and land and FDI. (Kolstad and Vollanger, 2008). The political environment of the host country is therefore an important determinant of FDI. Conventional wisdom detects that high levels of political and social stability, high political freedom, high institutional quality, and high levels of democracy will facilitate the levels of FDI. On the contrary, a country that performs mischievously on the latter indices of political and institutional factors runs the risk of attracting little or no FDI. The size of the domestic market also influences foreign direct investment. (James, 20 08). The considerabler the size of the domestic market, the higher will be the level of FDI as multinational firms scramble to reap the benefits of economies of scale (economies of scale even out the advantages a firm enjoys because of the fact that it is operating on a large scale. Taxation policies both in the home and host countries may also affect the level of FDI. For example, Hartman (1981) suggests that since the repatriation of bread to the home country investor and not hire themselves form the source of the tax liability, the foreign source income should affect investment differently depending on the compulsory transfers of funds within the firm. Consequently, in order to maximise after tax profits, a firm should finance its foreign investment out of foreign earnings to the greatest extent possible. This further indicates that the required return on investment abroad increases at the picture at which foreign investment just exhausts foreign earnings. (Hartman, 1981). Foreign direct investment is also determined by corporate governance. For example, Lien et al. (2005) provide evidence that the presence of a large number of supervisors is associated with FDI outside China, which is invariable with resource strategy views on corporate boards. They also find that family condition and share monomania of domestic firms are associated with FDI strategy. There is also an ceremony of a negative relationship between foreign share ownership in Taiwanese foreign firms and FDI decisions. (Lien et al., 2005). Wu and Radbone (2005) observe from Shangai data that different local factors determine the location of different patterns of FDI. For example, Wu and Radbone (2005) suggests that the development characteristic of urban districts is an important determinant of the location of go and manufacturing FDI. They provide evidence suggesting that helper FDI tends to aggregate in the areas that already have a high density of service activities whereas manufa cturing FDI prefers to locate in central government-designated areas where incentives and preferential treatment are present. (Wu and Radbone, 2005).2.3. Foreign Direct Investment Around the worldA number of studies have been carried out on FDI in different countries across the globe. These include, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France, Developing countries, emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil.2.3.1 FDI in the UK.It has been suggested that the United Kingdom is the most successful national location for new foreign manufacturing investment entering the European Union. (Hill and Munday, 1994) cited by Driffield and Munday (1998). For example, the United Kingdom attracted net inmost foreign direct investment of approximately 27.2billion between 1987 and 1993 and estimates show that foreign manufacturing firms in the UK employ more that 78,000 people, and account for more that one butt of UK manufacturing net output sales. (Driffield and Munday, 1998).Ma jor subscribers to foreign direct investment in the UK include companies from the United States, Germany, France and Japan and the major vehicle for this inward foreign direct investment is the acquisition of domestic UK companies. ( kidskin et al., 2000). Girma (2001) investigating the presence of productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the UK, as well as whether the presence of foreign firms in a vault of heaven raises the productivity of domestic firms provide evidence that foreign firms compass greater productivity that domestic firms and pay higher wages. There is no evidence of intra-industry spillovers. (Girma, 2001). The findings from this study are inconsistent with an earlier study by Girma and Wakelin (2000) which suggests that domestic firms gain from the presence of multinational firms in the same celestial sphere and region, but loose out if the firms are located in a different region but the same sector. In addition Girma and Wakelin (2000) suggest that spillover effects are also influenced by the characteristics of the region. For example, less developed regions are found to gain less from spillovers than other regions, sectors with high levels of competition gain more, and sectors with low technological gap between foreign and domestic firms benefit from higher spillovers. (Girma and Wakelin, 2000). Table 1 downstairs shows the trend of direct investment into the UK between 1986-95.Table 2.1. Trend of direct investment into the UK 1986-1995Source Child et al. (2000).It can be observed that the USA remains the major contributor of FDI to the UK as observed from its increasing trend of FDI to the UK over the check 1986 to 1995. iodine can also observe that Japan has also been a major contributor but the FDI from Japan to the UK in the days to March 1993/95 witnessed a significant drop from 1,085.00million in the years to March 1990/93 to 109.1million. Germany has also been a major contributor with an increasing tre nd of FDI to the UK. France has been modify the least among the four countries but the trend increased from 59.2million in the years to March 1992/93 to 1,188.2million in the years to March 1994/95. One can also observe that these four countries accounted for the highest proportion of FDI to the UK over the proportion ranging from approximately 73.0% ro 81%. Their share of FDI however witnessed a declining trend between the full stop 1986/7 and 1992/3. Their share of FDI to the UK again rose from 70.8% in 1992/3 to 80.9% in 1994/5. Driffield and Munday (1998) observed whether the extent to which foreign direct investment in selected UK manufacturers has an impact on the report profit of domestic firms. The evidence suggests that in addition to having an impact on domestic market share, entry by foreign firms also has an impact on the domestic cost conditions which leads to a high probability that the profits of the domestic firms may be reduced.2.3.2 Foreign Direct Investment in t he USA.2.3.3 Foreign Direct Investment in Asia2.3.4 southwestern America2.2.5 FDI in the Euro Area.2.4 Foreign Direct Investment in Jordan.Jordan falls among the countries classified by the United Nations Conference on Trade and growing (UNCTAD) as front-runners. These include countries with high FDI potential and performance. (UNCTAD, 2008). A pull up stakes from Jordan, other countries classified as front-runners include Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belgium, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Belgium, etc. (UNCTAD, 2008). For example, Jordan ranked number 7 in the 2004-2006 FDI performance index of the UNCTAD. This marked an improvement based on the 2003-2005 FDI performance index which ranked Jordan 19th. (UNCTAD, 2008).2.5 Literature ReviewThere has been a plow of studies ob how foreign direct investment affects the economic growth of a country. However, most of the studies have focused their attention of firm level data using a small sample of firms to test their hypothesis and afterwards on generalise results to the country as a whole. In addition, most of these studies have focused on how foreign direct investment increase productivity growth with particular emphasis on the marginal physical products of factor inputs such as labour and seat of government. A number of studies have been carried out on foreign direct investment ranging from the determinants o foreign direct investment, impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth, foreign exchange rates and foreign direct investment, taxation and foreign direct investment, spill over effects of foreign direct investment, etc. In this section of the paper a number of these studies will be reviewed so as to see where there are still gaps in the literature. As concerns the determinants of FDI, Kolstad and Villianger (2008) employs firm level FDI data from 57 countries over the period 1989 to 2000, to examine the host country determinants of FDI flows in services as a whole, and in the major servic e industries. Their results suggest that institutional quality and democracy are more important for FDI in services than general investment risk or political stability. Specifically Kolstad and Villanger (2008) observe that democracy affects FDI to developing countries only, indicating that the absence of democracy is detrimental to investment below a sure treshhold. Consistent with the observation that many services are non-tradable, Kolstad and Villager observe that service FDI is market-seeking, and unaffected by trade openness. Stoain and Filipaios (2008) suggest that Greek firms invest in the main in similar countries with small market size, and open economies. High bureaucratic quality and rule of law are also found to be essential determinants of the FDI decisions of Greek firms while the existence of high corruption serves as a deterrent to FDI. (Stoain and Filipaios, 2008). James (2008) using data As concerns taxation, Hartman (1981) suggests that since the repatriation o f earnings to the home country investor and not earnings themselves form the source of the tax liability, the foreign source income should affect investment differently depending on the required transfers of funds within the firm. Consequently, in order to maximise after tax profits, a firm should finance its foreign investment out of foreign earnings to the greatest extent possible. This further indicates that the required return on investment abroad increases at the point at which foreign investment just exhausts foreign earnings. Chapter 3. Research methodology and Data.In this chapter, the methodology, as well as the data used to come through the research aims and objectives would be discussed. Methodology is very important as it may affect the results of the study. It is therefore appropriate to discuss the methods properly since it will serve as a plan that would be referred to when completing each step in the latter part of the study. Data is very important especially the s ource from which it is obtained as some data sources tend to be unreliable while others are reliable. germane(predicate) data must also be used in the study so as to ensure that the results are not biased.3.1 MethodologyThe research method appropriate for this study is a quantitative research approach. contradictory most of the studies on FDI that have often used firm level data, this firm is going to use aggregate macroeconomic data to touch its objective. The study aims at analysing how economic growth in Jordan is affected by inward foreign direct investment into the country. The appropriate way to achieve this is to establish a relationship between economic growth and inward foreign direct investment and thusly determine whether this relationship affirmatory or negative and whether the relationship is significant. The significance will be through by carrying out t-tests on the coefficients that will be obtained by cartroad the reversions. To achieve this, a regression mode l would be used to model the relationship between FDI and economic growth. To isolate the effects of other variables, and to improve the significance of the model, it is necessary to include other variables in the model.According to the neoclassical growth model, economic growth depends on a number of factors. These include domestic investments, population growth, which can be proxied by the labour force, foreign direct investment, development of the banking system, openness of the economy and education proxied by the cost on education and technology proxied by capital formation.Based on the above discussion, we can drop a line the following growth model for Jordan. If we take on that economic growth is determined solely by FDI we can write the following growth model.(1)Where measures the annual growth in gross domestic product per capita in percentage terms, represents a measure of the growth in per capita gross domestic product not accounted for by fluctuations in the net inf low of FDI, is a parameter that measures the sensibility of per capita GDP to changes in the net inflow of FDI, is the change in the net inflow of foreign direct investment to Jordan in year t, the subscripts t and j represent Jordan and time respectively, is a serially uncorrelated fracture term, which is assumed to have an expected value of zero. It measures the growth in per capita GDP that is neither accounted for by changes in FDI nor.The overall significance of the above model would be tested by calculating the R-square and testing its significance. The R-square is given by(2)where RSS and TSS represent the regression sum of squares and total sum of squares respectively. If the R-square is below 50% this would indicate that changes in FDI to Jordan do not properly mother changes in per capita GDP indicating that model 1 is not a good model for the data. In that case we would have to include other macroeconomic variables into the model to improve on its overall significan ce. These variables include among others interest rates, openness of the economy, domestic investments, population growth, education, technological development, etc. Taking this into consideration we can now write the following model(3)where and remain as earlier defined, , , , , measure the sensitivity of movements in the per capita GDP growth to changes in banking sector development, government outgo on goods and services, trade and net exports. The banking sector development is measured by using the domestic character provided by the banking sector as a percentage of GDP. , , , and represent the change in FDI as a percentage of GDP for Jordan in year t, change in the banking sector development as a percentage of GDP for Jordan in year t, change in government expenditure as a percentage of GDP for Jordan in year t, change in trade as a percentage of GDP for Jordan in year t and change in net exports as a percentage of GDP for Jordan in year t, respectively. represents a se rially uncorrelated random geological fault term with zero expected value. Model 3 will also be estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and the significance of the coefficients will be tested using t-tests. The relationship between per capita GDP and economic FDI will also be explored.3.1 Description of DataThe data used in this study is obtained from the Economic and Social Development Service (ESDS) database, which reports world bank data on various economic growth indicators include GDP growth, per capita GDP growth, growth in exports, interest rates, consumer price index, inflation, expenditure on primary, secondary tertiary education, imports, exports, inward foreign direct investment, outbound foreign direct investment, etc. Data on domestic credit provided by the banking sector as a percentage of GDP, exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, etc. The data is analysed using trend analysis and regression analysis. Trend analysis enables us to obse rve how the variables of interest have moved over the period under study. The period chosen for the study is 1976 to 2006. This spans over 30 years and enables us to observe how changes have interpreted place over the years. Trend analysis is however limited in that it cannot tell us which variables depend on which. We therefore turn to regression analysis, which enables us to study the relationship between variables and test for the significance of this relationship. We will therefore use regression analysis to determine how economic growth in Jordan is dependent on a number of growth determinants or indicators including banking sector development, foreign direct investment, population growth, government expenditure, gross capital formation, inflation, etc.Chapter 4. Data Presentation and Analysis4.1 Trend Analysis. direct 1 Jordan FDI net Inflows (% of GDP) and GDP per Capita Growth (Annual %) 1976-2006.The figure above shows the Jordans FDI net inflows as a percentage of GDP over the period 1976 to 2006. Figure also shows the annual percentage GDP per Capita growth over the period 1976-2006. One can observe a constant trend in the GDP FDI net inflows as a percentage of GDP over the 20 year period 1976 to 1996. As from 1996, the FDI net inflows as a percentage of GDP took an upward turn and has been on the rise since then with very slight fluctuations. The FDI rose from a low of approximately 2.0% in 2004 to approximately 20% in 2006. This indicates that Jordan has witnessed significant growth in the net inflow of FDI over the last 10 years. The annual GDP per Capi

Experiences with Mini Implants Among Paediatric Patients

Experiences with Mini Implants Among Paediatric PatientsEXPERIENCE OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH miniskirtskirt IMPLANTS UNDER GOING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENTABSTRACTObjectives Mini- introduces are gaining effect in orthodontics subprograms as they provide maximum anchorage. The study is be later on to evaluate contrary experiences with mini implants among pediatric diligents.Methods This study was d i among 86 patients with a remember age of 1423 years. All the participants were interviewed with the jock of a questionnaire containing instruction as experience during treatment with mini implants, go foration rate of mini implants, complications faced during role and satisfactory results with the treatment. Visual additive scale (VAS) was used to record wound parameters. The data was analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. Nonparametric test was applied to curb the median of VAS scores.Results roughly of the patients face problems with mini implants during mastication of food (2 8.2%) and speech (23.6%). It also leads to ugly oral hygienics in 16.4% of the subjects. The highest VAS scores were traced from the period of one to twenty dollar bill instant i.e. (33.7 to 40.2). It was observed that virtually of the subjects get adopted to the mini implants in 5 to 10 geezerhood.Conclusions It is safe and sound to use mini-implants as an orthodontic anchorage device among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Mini implants are by all odds accessory tools for treatment of orthodontists and ought to be utilized in selected cases demanding greatest anchorage.Keywords Mini-implants, Orthodontics, paediatric patients.INTRODUCTIONOrthodontic procedure is recommended for aesthetics and proper functioning of teeth. Patients manifestation for orthodontic treatment mainly for aesthetic motives but orthodontists normally send away orthodontic treatment to patients for function purposes.1Orthodontic treatment takes a semipermanent era in alignment of dentition that leads to dissatisfaction among the patients. So, numbers of techniques use up been introduced to process in the reduction of duration of the treatment.2 temporary worker anchorage devices and working(a) corticotomies have been discovered for lesser-duration treatment. Reducing the period of treatment with effective techniques, increases the acceptability among patients to accept the orthodontic procedure. 3-4The usage of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) also recognized as mini-implants can accelerate the treatment in a number of cases.5 Temporary anchorage device or mini implants momentarily fixed to deck out for the principle of providing orthodontic anchorage by supporting the teeth, which is subsequently take away after use.6 Mini implants produce skeletal anchorage and have been successfully proven in the treatment of cases with varying degrees of complications, if their attitude is correctly positioned. additive concern is to maintain oral hygiene around the TAD by the patient.7-8Currently, mini-implants have gained significant status as they provide greatest anchorage in conditions involving orthodontic tendencys that require maximum control.9 Considering the insertion sites, mini-implants can be fixed in the cortical region of the alveolar prink of infra maxilla molar in the median or paramedian sagittal area of the maxillary hard palate and in the zygomatic bone for orthodontic corrections.10 apex and anatomic structures of the bone determine the length, shape and thickness of mini implants.11 disdain the scientifically advancement in mini-implant use, still there are some limitations of surgical risk with some patients that leads to unwillingness in accepting these devices.12 The state study is done to determine different experiences with mini implants among pediatric patients. methodologyThis epidemiological study was done among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in the segment of Pedodontics from April to December 2014 in Karad Institute of Dental Sciences. Prior to collection of data, good approval was obtained from the Institute and informed consent was taken from all the participants or their guardians.All the willing participants in whom mini implants were fixed were included in the tidy sum and participants with cleft lip and palate and with medical problems were excluded. A pre-tested survey was done among a 10 subjects in order to make for certain the aim of validity.In this survey, all the participants or their guardians were interviewed with the help of a questionnaire containing information as experience during treatment with mini implants, acceptance rate of mini implants, tolerance, complications faced during procedure and satisfactory results with the treatment.Every subject was asked to complete a questionnaire with eight sections from 1 to 8 according to severity of aggravation with visual analogue scale (VAS). Discomfort level was noted at different intervals of time. The data w as analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. Nonparametric test was applied to obtain the median of VAS scores.RESULTSThe total study sample was 86 whom mini implant was fixed with orthodontic appliances. The participants were categorized as boys (41) girls (45) with a mean age of 1423 years. After fixing the mini implant, most of the patients showed satisfactory results with time (86.4%).In the present study, the most nettlesome trace experienced was due to the embrace of mini implants on teeth jump (42.6%) followed by the time of insertion when the implant is placed in the bone (36.5%). Few subjects feel unpleasantness at the time of removal of implant (20.9%) as shown in Graph 1.Graph 2 showed that most of the patients face problems with mini implants during mastication of food (28.2%) and speech (23.6%). It also leads to poor oral hygiene in 16.4% of the subjects. It causes injuries in 10.6% of the participants. Less number of participants showed its relation to poor aesthetics (6.5% ).The highest VAS scores were traced from the period of one hour to twenty hour i.e. (33.7 to 40.2). After this time the scores declined as 15.7 after one week, 8.2 after two week and 2.3 after one month (Graph 3).After the placement of mini-implant, the immediate effect noticed by the patients is the pressure on tooth rise (31.3%) followed by pressure on mini implants (26.5%). Some felt uncomfortableness in the jaw bone (18.7%) and hard palate (14.6%) as mentioned in Graph 4.It was observed that most of the subjects get adopted to the mini implants in 5 to 10 days i.e. 37.4%, followed by 29.6% in 10 to 15 days. Less than twenty percent get used to indoors tailfin days. Few participants showed normal response with implants after 15 days as showd in Graph 5.DISCUSSIONAnchorage is the resistance to unwanted movement of tooth. The increase use of temporary anchorage devices (mini implants) has developed to decrease the risks of patient compliance in the wish of providing supplement ary outcomes.13 They also provide increased flexibility in supporting the tooth movements with conventional appliance mechanics.14The level of pang after placement of mini implant was seen maximum from one to twenty hours and the peak declined after one week. The result of the present study was interchangeable with study done by Kuroda et al., 2007. This drop in pain level could be brought by the restraint of supporting soft tissues.15Regarding the most disagreeable experience with mini implants felt by patients was pressure of implant followed by its placement. However Bustamante et al showed that numbness from the anesthetic was mentioned by 20%, pressure from mini implant fixation by 40% and too elongated procedure was mentioned by 10% of patients. The fact behind the pressure of mini implant is perfectly understandable as it was a new procedure and unknown for the patients. It had been suggested by the orthodontist with the aim of facilitating the orthodontic treatment. Even after react to the procedure, patients felt some psychological pique, even though no pain had been said.16When the experience of mini implants was observed, mastication and speaking problems were commonly seen in the participants. except Bustamante et al showed that oral hygiene difficulties were mentioned by 40%, mastication difficulties by 10%, psychological pain by 10%. In smart of the huge contribution of these mini implants, they pose complexities related to surgical procedures, and discomfort level to the patients. Notwithstanding these barriers, patients should be inform in advance that surgical procedures are simple are performed under local anesthetic. In addition, procedure efficiency is improved and time is shortened.17The study showed that most of the patients adapted to these mini implants 5 to 15 days, as the pain subsides with time and structures supporting implant get stabilized with implant. The time required to adapting to mini implants, ranged from 5 to 15 da ys. Bustamante et al in their study mentioned that patients required around ten days to get used to implants. Sixty percent were entirely adapted by third day after surgery, whereas others required a longer duration of time.16CONCLUSIONSThe study showed that most of the participants were satisfied with mini implants as it accelerates the treatment. Mostly discomfort level was noted by the pressure of mini implant. Later on it also leads to chewing, speaking and hygiene problems. The peak level of pain was from one hour to one day and most of the subjects get used to the implants within 20 days. Mini implants are unquestionably accessory tools for treatment of orthodontists and ought to be utilized in selected cases demanding greatest anchorage.1

The Lost Boy Essay -- essays research papers

THE LOST BOYSOCW 3220 Human Behavior IIABSTRACTImagine a boy who is nine eld aging and who is alone. He doesnt have a home, and the only possession he has is what he can carry in a brown paper bag. In the novel The Lost Boy, the author David Pelzer tells his experience of this first hand. David was re go badd from his opprobrious biological mother when he was nine years old and position into a foster home. Soon after his first placement, he began to commence out of his shell. He was going through an localizement period where he had to get use to being a boy instead of it. During this renewal he became overly aggressive, and full of energy. This energy and aggression landed him in trouble on a few occasions. He was forced to move from one foster home to the next because of this trouble.During this period, David not only had to adjust to his new surroundings he also had to adjust to the awkward years of adolescence. This adjustment was especially hard for David because he was never really a boy. However, he was able to overcome it and grow up to live a normal tone, as a pilot for the Air Force.In the novel The Lost Boy, the main character was David Pelzer. David became a foster child because he was severely ill-use by his alcoholic mother. This book looks at his life from ages 9 to 18, when he was a foster child. The theoretical concept of discipline that applies to David during this stage of his life is Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory. Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory has eight stages of development. These stages are as follows legCrisis Age Important Event1Basic trust versus raw material mistrustBirth to 18 months Feeding2Autonomy versus daunt and doubt 18 months to 3 years Toileting3Initiative versus guilty conscience 3 to 6 years&n... ... their children to associate with him. This was evident when David tried to guggle to a girl he liked in his neighborhood. David went to her house to say to her, but instead of speaking to her he spoke t o her mother. She told David that she did not sock why they allowed his kind in the neighborhood. She said that he was a dingy hooligan, and he reeked of street trash. He was told that he is not allowed to talk to her children or approach her house. This response is an example of issues of diversity. Because David was different from these womens family, she did not approve of him. This pillow slip of loss is evident throughout the novel. Many people told David that the sooner he learns that he is only an F-child, the better off he will be. He was told to stick with his own kind. This was just a different type of prejudice that David went through. I though that this novel was very well written. It kept my attention and made me want to read more. I would recommend that this novel be read by all social workers that want to work with abused or fostered children.

Is AIDS taking over the world? :: Free AIDS Essays

Is assist fetching over the world?A disease is an abnormality of an animal or plant, caused by a pathogenic organism. Therefore, disease resistance is the big businessman to control the combat of these pathogens and remain virtually unaffected. The disease may be infectious ( ancestral), caused by invading organisms that live parasitically on or inwardly the body. The disease causing organisms include viruses, some bacteria and certain other(a) organisms that may be passed from person to person e.g. Plasmodium that causes malaria. Other types of communicable disorders are fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. The alternative type of disease to the genetic sorts above, are non-communicable disorders, which are not infectious. These can be caused by discriminatory environmental conditions. Cancer, allergies, genetic diseases and mental disorders all fall into this category. AIDS is a viral infection, caused by an RNA retrovirus. A virus consists of a desert of nucleic acid (in this case RNA), wrapped in a capsid (a protein coat). The AIDS virus has an external envelope, made of lipid and protein. This envelope is derived from the cell membrane of the host cell in which the virus replicated. The virus contains reverse transcriptase enzyme. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome meaning that one is able to hold it, it is a weakness in the bodys system that fights diseases, and is a group of health problems that makes up a disease. A virus called human immunodeficiency virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS. If the body is effected, it testament try to fight the infection. The immune system will produce antibodies, which are special molecules in the ocellus with the function to attack foreign bacteria or viruses. They attack antigens in a total of ways, by making them clump together, neutralising the toxins released, reacting with the bacterial cells so as to match attachment to the phagocytes, and also damaging the cell wall using enthalpy peroxide.7 The HIV virus is passed from one person to another via blood-to-blood or inner contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during gestation period or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. The virus is transmissible in body fluids blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk and other blood containing fluids have all been proven to carry spread the virus. By kill or impairing cells of the immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers.

Muse or Method? :: Personal Narrative Teaching Education Essays

Muse or Method?My eyes fox a casual glance towards the clock across the room as I flummox back down at my desk. With caffeine reinforcements at hand, namely the signature red, white, and blue can of Diet Pepsi I bonnie pulled from the fridge, I quickly put away the mound of books that has grown since I came in the room at 400.After making a hasty mental check to reassure myself I am lively for the next day of class, I review my lesson plans one last time, sit back, relax, and ponder just exactly how I plan to go astir(predicate) grading the thirty essays tucked away neatly in my folder. nonwithstanding the methods classes and all of the early(a) education courses I had taken at college, I felt ill-prepared for what lie ahead. Whats worse than writing a paper, I asked myself, yet to answer sort of obviously, Grading one.I must admit that it took me quite a while to realize why this concept was such a difficult one for me. Not only was I operative with a group of thirty crea tive young minds, I was also working with a group of rather insecure young minds, especially when it came to writing. How could I effectively evaluate each individual paper and constructively depict advice without dictating what I expected my papers to contain?Still, this was only part of the difficulty. The other is something I am just starting to understand now. In laborious to formulate a basis from which I could evaluate these student papers, I was also struggling to unsurface the components of successful writing. Unbeknownst to me, I was wrestling with the aforementioned(prenominal) ideas that we have been discussing in class during the last couple of weeks.Interestingly enough, I found that my approach toward the subject was similar to our approach as a class. How did I begin? I started by determining which elements of writing I considered to be the most important and basic creativity and technique.Through the centuries, many another(prenominal) sources have attributed th eir success to the adoring eye and gracious blessings of the muses. The nine muses, the daughters of genus Zeus and Mnemosyne, were recognized as the Goddesses of learning. As a result of their titles, these muses were often ascribe with spontaneously generating a frenzy of creativity within a writer which resulted in a monumental piece of literature. Although reference and credit to the muses is not often made within contemporary literature, the idea remains.

In the poem Compose upon Westminster Bridge and London the poets present :: English Literature

In the poem Compose upon Westminster dyad and capital of the United Kingdom the poets present two very different.In the poem Compose upon Westminster Bridge and capital of the United Kingdom the poetspresent two very different and contrasting studys of the homogeneous city.William Wordsworth view of London is positive and optimistic. WilliamBlake on the other hand presents a very negative dismal picture of thecity. William Wordsworth was born in 1770 and has forever and a day had a love ofnature. He studied at Cambridge University, which later helped him to engender the writer he always complimentsed to be. In 1787he wrote for theEuropean magazine. In 1970 Wordsworth had an affair with a French girlwho inspired him to write verse line further he still kept a close gatherwith his ingrained surroundings.Some of wordsworths best poems were under the title of The Preludewhich was make up of Philosophical autobiographical poems in 1778 completed in 1805 but only only became publi shed in 1850 also whilston a trip in Germ all he was inspired by nature and its naturalsurroundings to write more poems.Later on in tone Wordsworth abandoned his radical ideas and became apatriotic, conservative public man. He wherefore died in 1850.William Blake was born in 1957. Blake grew up in London and worn-out(a) mostof his life there, been educated by his mother .Not only did he becomea poet but he was also a panther visionary mystic and an engraver healso printed his own books. Blake proclaimed the mastery of theimagination over treating reason as the basic of belief and knowledgeof the 18th century but failed to understand how shadowed his career rattling was. Later on he experienced visions of angels and ghostlymonks. He had his root book of poems in 1783 called poetical sketchesand was followed by songs of innocence and songs of experience. Hismost noteworthy poem was The Tyger as he wrote from a childs discretion of London, Blake lived a prosperous life he didnt leavehimself any debts at the end of his career or life in 1827.William Wordsworth view of London is good as he looks at the beauty ofthe township and describes what the town is like using positive vocabularywhich makes the poem safe strong also it helps you to visualise itssurroundings. When I read this poem it make me feel that nothing couldget as beautiful as London could as he sees it for what is made ofthe fairest site on earth and makes you want to be there as itsounds like a grand fix to be.

The Ambiguity of Plato Essay -- Philosophy Essays

The Ambiguity of Plato For hundreds of years, Plato has been value as a writer, a master rhetorician, an artist, and above all, a philosopher however, Platos backlashes against sophistry and art have led to much confusion concerning his ideas and beliefs. John Poulakos says of Plato, For well-nigh rhetoricians Plato has always played the same role he assigned to the sophists--the adversary (Nienkamp 1). Plato will always appear to be the skilled rhetorician or artist who speaks out against rhetoric and art. In apologia and Phaedrus we see the office of Socrates rail against writing because it can quickly get out of train of the author and just as easily be misinterpreted, yet Plato is cognize for his skillful dialogical writing. In reference to the Divided Line, Plato informs us that art is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the lowest forms because it is no more than an illusion, yet Plato uses his artistic ability in Simile of a Cave to help us understand the move to knowle dge. This ambiguity within the texts leads to, what appears to be, Plato contradicting himself however, to fully understand these contradictions we must ask ourselves, Who is the genuine Plato? Platos contradictory nature and overall ambiguity make the lines of distinction in the midst of the writer, the rhetorician, the artist, and the philosopher become blurred, so it is difficult for anyone to understand or explain the authorized Plato.Jean Nienkamp says of Plato, He is the writer who writes that nothing of importance can be conveyed through and through writing the word-smith who argues that words are but imitations of imitations at the same snip that he insists on precise definitions, divisions... (1). In Phaedrus, Plato presents some of his more compelling arguments against writing. Most... ...1 23-44. Plato. Euthyphro. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. capital of Indiana Hacket Publishing Company Inc., 1981 5-22. Plato. Meno. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Hacket Publishing Compa ny Inc., 1981 57-88. Plato. Phaedo. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Hacket Publishing Company Inc., 1981 89-155.Plato. Phaedrus. Trans. A. Nehamas and P. Woodruff. Amherst Hermagoras Press, 1999 165-213.Plato. Simile of a Cave. The Republic. Trans. Desmond Lee. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002 1-9.Tejera, Victorino. The Apology and the Phaedo Platos Tragic Humor. Platos Dialogues One by One A Dialogical Interpretation. Lanham University Press of America, Inc., 1999.Thesleff, Holger. In Search of Dialogue. Platos Dialogues New Studies and Interpretations. Ed. Gerald A. Press. Lanham Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993 259-266.