Effect of Music on Memory Retrieval

EFFECT OF harmoniousness ON retentiveness recuperation THESIS STATEMENT INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. definition OF TERMS A. DICTIONARY DEFINITION B. OPERATIONAL DEFINITON II. WHAT IS MUSIC ON keeping RETRIEVAL. III. HOW CAN MUSIC necessitate YOUR LIFE A. THEORIES OF FORGETTING B. MEMORY AND RELATED FINDINGS C. MUSIC AND RELATED STUDIES IV. HISTORY OF MUSIC V . ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE VI. EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL IN YOUR LIFE CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ALIBASHER ABUBACAR IV-C MSU-ILS JANUARY 3, 2011 EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL Culture, past and present, varying wildly between propagation and keisters incline IV MS. SALMA M. MACARAMBONDedication To Her who is able to keep me from f on the wholeing and to present me onwards her glorious presence without fault and with capacious joy, to the only God our rescuer be glory, majesty, power, and authority through to al officey ALLAH our god, before all ages, straight remote and forever. To my m new-fashi 1d(prenomi nal) who loves me always and keeping me safe and to my father who supports me in doing this and to my babe and br separates who advice me always Acknowledgement I usually and gratefully acknowlegdes the invaluable avail rendered by the following persons who in one way or another(prenominal) tremendously helped in the succesful completion of the term paperMrs. Salma M. Macarambon, teacher/advisor for her constructive pieces of advice, generous sharing of knowledge, her willingness, patience and wisdom in her education To my friends BATMAN for their suggestion and vital assistance in conducting seek and for creation easy on durations of trials and computer services To my family for their full supports on me in my story and who argon always concerned And above all, to the ALMIGHTY ALLAH who deserves all the glory, praises and thanksgiving. Introduction In the early to mid 20th Century, researchers began to extensively study storage.Since consequently, thither brace been tre mendous advances in the knowledge of how the mind processes entropy. The promontory is composed of a precise complex system of neural networks that transfers study from one section to another. The study of these networks is an ongoing process, beca manipulation there is still much to bunco. From this research, any(prenominal)(prenominal) f moors know been engraft that seem to affect retentivity. Included in these factors are direction, stress, emotion, unison, and aging. This experiment will concentrate on how the factor of harmony effects retentivity.The entrepot is a mannequin system that receives, stores, organizes, alters and recovers reading from sensory input. Sensory retrospection, short-term memory and long-term memory are the common chord basic types. Information first enters sensory memory, which holds an exact copy of the training for a few seconds. Short-term memory is the next step, and it holds small quantities of information for a brief per iod longer than sensory memory. Selective attention is utilized at this time to regulate what information is transferred to short-term memory. null information is removed permanently (Coon, 1997). round other name for short-term memory is working memory, which describes the thinking and problem solving aspects. Short-term memory, according to psychologist George Miller, post hold a magic number of s steady (plus or deduction two) bits of information. Bits are units of information such as be, phrases or news programs. Information is held in short-term memory by two types of rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal refers to taciturnly repeating or mentally reviewing information. Elaborative rehearsal connects the new information with existent information (Coon, 1997). Many areas of the soul are used to process information.However, the genus Hippocampus is the section that transfers information into long-term memory. This type of memory contains all of the presorted all- essential(a) information in a relatively permanent and limitless storage. semipermanent memory also organizes information for easy recovery (Coon, 1997). harmony has an stupefying power to influence mans emotions and behavior. It has been found to affect and find umpteen several(predicate) p contrivances of the brain and body. Psychological study of medicine is based on this resolve. Studies have found that practice of medicine can rationalize stress, helper relaxation, alleviate depression, and help store and think back information among other functions.William Congreve once stated that practice of medicine has the charms to soothe the savage beast. taste is reduced through medicinal drug by decreasing the amount of the hormone cortisone rel helpd in the body. This can be applied to allday purport for stress relief ( medical specialty and Stress, 1998). Music therapy is a new intervention that uses symphony and medicinal drugal activities for the purposes of altering behavior and enhancing the everyday existence of people with sundry(a) types of excited disturbance. concourse have been using forms of practice of medicine therapy since the soonest recorded history. Egyptian priests spoke incantations that supposedly influenced womens fertility.Hebrews and Greeks treated tangible and mental illness with the playing of medicine. Zenocrates, Sarpander, and Arien, all of whom were Greeks, were the first to use euphony therapy as a regular practice. They employed harp symphony to ease the outbursts of people with mental illnesses (Shapiro, 1969). Nursing homes often hire unison therapists. People are uniformly to feel depressed and affliction-stricken when moved away from their homes and families into a facility for strangers to take care of them. Music therapy helps to relieve grief and reform turned on(p) tones and feelings (Shapiro, 1969).Therapists can also help residents that suffer from Alzheimers and dementia, because studies have found that music can improve their memory. This improvement is partly due to the effect music has on increasing the release of plastered hormones in the body (Music and Stress, 1998). Carruth (1997) conducted an experiment to find out if music would improve the face-name recognition of nursing home residents with Alzheimers. on that point was a music particularise and a no music condition. During the music condition, a therapist interpret and vie a guitar to a familiar shout. The subjects were allowed to join the therapist in singing.Afterwards, the subjects were addicted a face-name recognition test. The no music condition trustworthy the test in the same manner, except for the singing. Four of the seven participants had a higher mean percent of correct responses during the music condition that during the no music condition. A study conducted at the University of California, Irvine, showed that scores on memory tests of people with Alzheimers greatly improved when they listened to Mozart. They recalled shapes and patterns better(p), for example, than when they were not listening to Mozart (Music Therapy, 2001).At a British Psychological Society Conference in declination of 2000, Elizabeth Valentine reported that music promotes memory better than either silence or background hindrance. Valentine and her colleague selected 23 subjects with dementia to be tested for recall after being exposed to four different types of noise. The four types were no noise, cafeteria noise, familiar music, and novel music. give back was better with sound than with silence and better with music than with cafeteria noise (Larkin, 2001). As shown, many studies have found that music aids the storage and recall of information in the human memory. found on the previous information, the following experiment will examine how music affects the recall of information from the short-term memory of college students. Chapter I Definition of foothold Learning acquisition of any relativ ely permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience. The act of memorizing the 20 collections of 3-digit random numbers. Memory Retrieval the act of locating information in memory for use. It is measured by the complete sequential 20 roots of 3 digit random numbers correctly recalled. Independent uncertain star intstrumental music being played while memorizing is done by the data-based chemical group.Dependent Variable the number of groups of 3 digit random numbers recalled in the sequence during the retrieval process. Extraneous Variables anything that operates in the data-based piazza in addition to the independent variable. In this case were the noise brought about by teachers students coming in and out the experimental room, voices of people talking, and the noise inside the C. R. Music soft instrumental music played by Kenny G in a saxophone where the rate is slow, entitled, Silhouette, Uncle Al, Going Home, Songbird and Ill Never Leave You. f orce volume is set at 3 on the volume scale. A.mental lexicon Definition Webster dictionary defines music as the art or accomplishment of harmony of melody, melodious score or composition. To make it clear, it is the art of organizing tones into pregnant patterns of sounds Bagar and Biancolli, 1974. Appreciation whitethorn then be possible which refers to the force in music which seeks to arouse in the person a love and even evoke musicality (Mur divvy up, 1938) B. Operational Definition Musicis found in every known culture, past and present, varying wildly between times and places. Around 50,000 years ago, early modern humans began to disperse from Africa, attain all the habitable continents.Since all people of the world, including the most isolated tribal groups, have a form of music, it may be concluded that music is resemblingly to have been present in the ancestral population antecedent to the dispersal of humans around the world. Consequently music may have been in exis tence for at least 50,000 years and the first music may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a complete constituent of human flavour. A cultures music is influenced by all other aspects of that culture, including amicable and economic organization and experience, climate, and ccess to technology. The emotions and ideas that music expresses, the situations in which music is played and listened to, and the attitudes toward music players and composers all vary between regions and periods. Music history is the clean-cut subfield ofmusicologyand history which studies music particularlyWestern art music from a chronological perspective. Chapter II What is music on memory retrieval? melodic memoryrefers to the ability to remember music-related information, such as melodic substance and other progressions of tones or swages.The differences found between linguistic memory and musical memory have led researchers to theorize that musical memory is encoded other than f rom language and may constitute an independent part of thephonological loop. The use of this term is problematic, however, since it implies input from a verbal system, whereas music is in belief nonverbal. The purpose of this experiment was to see if studying or testing with music affected scores on a memory test. There were four groups in this study. One group had music while studying and testing. other had music while studying and no music while testing. The trio group had no music while studying but music while testing, and the fourth group had no music during both. apiece group consisted of approximately 30 freshman or sophomore level psychology students. The students were all given a memory test, which consisted of a list of 15 words and studied it for two minutes. The groups that had music while studying listened to the song Sad Eyes by Enrique Iglesias. After the two minutes were up, the word lists were collected. At the end of the class period, the test was administered. The group that tested with music listened to Sad Eyes. A between subjects factorial ANOVA was calculated equivalence the memory test scores for subjects who had music during recall or studying. No significant results were found. Several factors, such as the type of test given and the music type, may have contributed to these insignificant results. What is Music? Solving a Scientific Mystery is a book by Philip Dorrell which explains a new scientific surmisal about music the super-stimulus theory. The main idea of the theory is that music is a super-stimulus for the comprehension of musicality, where musicality is actually a comprehend property of run-in. musical comedyity refers to the property of music that determines how good it is, how rigid an emotional effect it has, and how much we enjoy listening to it. The theory implies that ordinary quarrel also has this property, in a manner which may vary as a person speaks. The musicality of speech is much more acute than tha t of music, but it provides important information which the listeners brain processes without conscious awareness of the processing, in order to derive some information about the internal mental state of the speaker.This information is applied to modulate the listeners emotional response to speech, and this accounts for the emotional effect of music. What distinguishes the super-stimulus theory from all other serious attempts to explain music scientifically is that it stliberal arts from a simple assumption that music perception mustiness be an information processing function, and this assumption results in quite particularised explanations of how major aspects of music such as scales, regular beat and harmony are processed in the brain.It is the first theory to explain the perception of musical scales without a priori assuming the existence of musical scales. The theory has to do this, because it is a theory of music perception as an aspect of speech perception, and musical scal es do not occur in normal speech. Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch which governs melody and harmony, rhythm and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation, dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.The word derives from Greek mousike art of the Muses. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly nonionic compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to psyche interpretation, and occasionally controversial.Within the arts, music may be classified as a playing art, a fine art, and auditory art. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics. To many people in many cultures, music is an i mportant part of their way of life. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears foreshadow to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to.However, 20th-century composer joke Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, only sound. Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint The border between music and noise is always culturally definedwhich implies that, even within a ace society, this border does not always pass through the same place in short, there is rarely a consensus By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be. Chapter III How can music affect your life?A. Theories of Forgetting There are two theories of forgetting widely accepted. First is Disuse Theory which suggests that forgetting is due to lingering dissolution or disruption in time of neurophysiological correlates of whatever is learned. Conversely, retention is what is left Buxton, 1991. The other focuses on the learning process when interferences may arise, be it before, during, and after learning. Interference theory states the mechanics for forgetting one memory is forgotten because another item interferes with the memory of it Edwards, 1972.And the first major kind of interference is Retroactive Inhibition (wrightsman et. al. , 1979). In here on the solid learned earlier see table 2. 1. Table 1. Experimantal Design for seek on Retroactive Inhibition. Groups give 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Experimental Learn A Learn B reverberate A Control Learn A Learn B Recall A Source Wrightsam et. al. , 1979. The problem here is to determine for the experimental group whether learning material B retoactively inhibities the recall of material A. The control group must rest in stage 2. B.Music and Relate d Findings In a holistic view, educators found the importance of music to the childs learning curriculum. In education, one encourages the child to use music as a means of expressing a feeling which is difficult to verbalize, simply because of the many values and satisfaction it has to offer. Music is another meaningful aspects of life to study. Musical experiences are worthwhile. All contribute to a childs growth. They itemise that it is, at the same time an art which is related to many areas of life Raebeck and Lawrence, 1972.Psychological characteristics of the child found to relate to musical experiences include a more logical thinking-reasoning, tendency towards exaggeration memory, and interest in doing well. Music can serve a purpose. A prime example of this is that music is used to set mood, establish the character of a person in a play, express emotion quickly, and variety, interest and color to the program, and give opportunities for individual and group participation Ra ebeck and Lawrence, 1972.Music is mentally stimulating and challenging it awakens one to a sense of form, order, rhythm, texture, and symbolism. Moreover, deep musical experience is characterized by an fantastic mind Dunningham, 1989. C. Memory and Related Studies Studies had been conducted like that of the Differential Effect of achiever and Failure on Memory Retrieval Tambura, 1992, which exudes that learning is affected by some factors which are emotional in nature, that emotional experiences such as succes and failure have some effects on memory retrieval.Another is the effect of embarrassment on retention among MSU-College Students Derige, 1988. Her findings suggest that there are psychosocial aspects like embarrassment that have direct bearing on learning. Chapter IV History of music Classical music, as we use it on this site, basically includes thousands of years of time. This area basically describes the history of spotless music. When we speak of classical music, we are talking of the western influence. We arent talking about the ancient east music of the asian continent.Classical music can be organized in a variety of ways. This section divides music into six historic periodsMedieval,Renaissance,Baroque, Classical,Romanticand theContemporary. Each period is briefly described. and includes a list of important composers, some song files provided by our generous sponsors, an option to buy some recordings, and recommended recordings. Also, there is an organized layout which we used to organize information on this site. Wed like to thank Classical Insites for helping us acquire sound files and information of these periods.Most of the information included in this site was from my notes after taking two years of music theory in high school. To learn more about any of these time periods, please contact a music theorist specializing in the particular time period you would like to know about. Chapter V Advantages and Disadvantages Disadvantages-People w ho hate a genre ofmusicand chafe other people for liking it. Thats gotta be the lamest thing to me. Bashing other peoples music. very one has been born with his brain blank he could work with his brain the way he likes but music activates the dou side in us as it draws lines and tracks for our mind and body to work on to make it impendent to your brain imagine like u were free to move any where in the 360 degree of space but when u lestin to music u can only see the lines and tracks that music drew for you so every action u do is less performance and we feel that we select to listen to more music to have more lines to walk in even we had all the 360 degree for us from the start A major disadvantage of music in todays society is that a large majority of popular musicians are making and selling their music for no reason other than to make money. Ill define popular more clearly- almost anything on a unclutter hits chart, a lot of music played on commercial radio, bands that have t heir name on walmart t-shirts, etc.There are of course always exceptions to this, but most of these bands and musicians dont make music because its a way of expressing yourself and communicating with others they present themselves and their music because they want to make money. titan record labels arent signing bands because they think theyre really talented and make great music, theyre signing bands that will be easily marketed to an audience bands that will sell the most Cds downloads, t-shirts, and concert tickets. Luckily, for those of us who can not stand the top 40 hits that get played over and over and over on the radio, there exists independent musicians, bands, labels, radio stations, etc. Chapter VI Effect of music on memory retrieval in your lifeMemory is a mental system that receives, stores, organized, alters and recovers information from sensory input Coon, 1997. Research has shown memory to be affected by many different factors. One of these factors is music, which has been found to stimulate parts of the brain. Many studies have demonstrated that music enhances the memory of Alzheimers and dementia patients. Music has also been found to reduce stress, aid relaxation and alleviate depression. This experiment placed 60 subjects into three different conditions based on the independent variable of music. The three types of the independent variable were The Seasons Spring Movement by Haydn, Holier Than Thou by Metallica and white noise.Each group visually studied a tantrum for 30 seconds with their specific music or noise in the background. After 30 seconds the picture was taken away and the music or noise was turned off. The groups then filled out a questionnaire about their memories for the picture. There was not a significant interaction found between the type of music or noise played and memory recall. However, the white noise group make the least amount of memory errors while the Haydn group made the most. These results line of credit a lot of the research on the effects of music on memory. Much research states that music, especially classical, enhances the storage and recall of memory.There were some limitations to this experiment. Noise outside of the testing area was not controlled for. Also, subjects may have talked to one another about the questionnaire while filling it out. Further research may explain why the results of this experiment contrast much of the promulgated research on the effects of music on memory. Conclusions The study was intentional to research whether there is an effect of music as an interference during the time of learning on memory retention. The research sample consisted to website and a book. It tooks a several months to finish this term paper. This topic chosen to me was not being easy to completed but still I strived hard to faultless it.Actually, there are some times that I am being weak for this but for the help of my mother, father, sister, brothers and friends I achieved to finishe d it. Bibliography Atkinson, Rita L. , Atkinson, Richard C. , and Hilgard, Ernest R. Introduction to psychology 8th ed. New York Hardcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. , 1983. Bagar, Robert and Biacondilli, Louis. The Concert Companion A cosmopolitan Drive to Symphonic Music. London Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Inc. 1974. Beauchamp, kenneth L. , Bruce, Richarcd L. , and Matheson, Douglas. menses Topics in Experimental Psychology, New York Dell Publishing, 1985. Broadsky, Howard. The Art of Listening underdeveloped Musical Perceptions. Harper and Raw, 1970. Chaplin, Edward C. Dictionary of Psychology. 2nd ed. New York Dell publishing, 1985.