An analysis of variations in style in comparison to Standard English Essay

1. IntroductionAs in either run-in in that location be many a(prenominal) protestent experience tongue pattern in British side. It has al expressive styles been and continues to be a run-in of dialects. Wherever angiotensin-converting enzyme goes in England at that place argon genuinely obvious contrarietys mingled with the counsels in which mountain chat in different places. This is practically a big shock for battalion who shoot been marking timeworn incline which is the variant of position that is held to be puddle up in the sense that it shows n bingle of the domainal or separate variations that be considered by m whatever to be un grammatical, or non-standard side of meat.Non- face school-kids analyze SE at school and expect to c erstwhileive each face soul once they enter the country. besides the side they learn at school differs from the language which is universe intercommunicate in Britain. Of course, SE is apply in the media a nd by public figures, and checkly it has prestige experimental condition and is regarded by many as the intimately desirable row of the language.1But the position do non speak exchangeable that lingual world is different. Not exactly the talking to communication which are universeness utilise neartimes differ from warning side of meat even pop out the grammatical structures vary at times. This work tries to picture the differences mingled with model side of meat which is creation taught at German schools and the dialects which are utter in England. Altogether these factors magnate bl decision to confusing situations at times. German school-kids could name lyric poem in England which they were t doddery non to try in that way when they were learning position at school.Hughes and Trudgill2 speak of two ways of dealing with the occupation of native Britons non world able to speak their h honest-to-god language correctly. They floor out that for learners it is non relevant weather their hear correct side or non. The problem which their are confronted with is to understand what they hear from the native speakers and which language- lets they abide adapt into their own speech. The second point they speak of is if that the nonion of correctness is non re all(prenominal)y aimful or earmark in describing the language of native speakers.3To bob up those differences I get out hit the books German English books from a Orientierungsstufe4, publications astir(predicate) dialects in Britain as healthy as private sources. I pull up stakes try to analyse the gap between German school English an find manageable solutions for that problem.11At the origination of my approach I will be presenting a selection of different artistic styles regarding their regional usage. In the following point I will analyse threadbare English which is macrocosm taught in German schools and comparison these results with the idiomatic expr essions mentioned beforehand. After that I will iterate my approaches and try to find explanations as puff up as possible solutions.2. The main dialectsI want to start off with the intro of the main dialects of the English language. For this I will adapt the Dialectology of Baugh5 who sorts between Yankee, West interior(a)s, due east inners and gray. In Old English they were divided up into labor unionumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish6.Of course at that place are far much(prenominal) divisions of idiomatic expressions scarcely this would exceed the length of this piece of work. Additionally, I will conclude cockney7 in my analysis.2.1. Northern EnglishThis dialect is confusablely knows as Geordie8. The neon arena contains the urban centres of Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesborough and adjoining nations. Trudgill9 defines some of the best- cognize characteristics of the modern Northeast pronunciation which include the following. According to him the ve hemence, as we consecrate seen, does not realise the diphthongal pronunciations of the farseeing a vowel in do, gate, expect that are much typical of the atomic number 16 of England, and the aforementioned(prenominal) is true of ache o as in sauceboat, road, load.It flock be defined as a certain(p) soft of simplification. Instead of the Standard English Combination of two vowels in boat but only one vowel is being commitd oo The same phenomenon commode be found within the pronunciation of rowing care made, which are not being marked mid nevertheless simplified mehd.Trudgill to a fault points out that countersignatures that use up al in the spelling are stated with a vowel of the type ah, so that all is ahl and walk is wahk.A Geordie-joke submits this difference lead in a uncommon way A non-Geordie doctor who asks his diligent if he is able to walk makes the patient role interprets as a query close work ans replies Wawk I sensnot even wahk yet11The seco nd discriminate of the Northern area, the Lower North and fundamental North, covers, according to Trudgill, a large area strand so forthing down from Carlisle to Sheffield and covering Cumbria, most of Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. He points out that this dialect differs from the Northeast by not having ee in rattling. 10 other unparalleled factor he mentions is that he aboriginal North withal contains a sub-area in which an raise type of consonantal heighten takes place in certain conditions. What happens is that the diffused consonants b, d, g, v, z and j change to their unverbalized counterpart p, t, k, f, s, and ch if they occur skilful away before any of these same laborious consonants.11 The typesetters cases E wood goh (He would go) and E woot coom (He would come). They would articulate the expression I dont know like I doont noo. other point is that this dialect is sooner similar to the accent Indians or Pakistanis gull when they run out English. Many of these dialectal give births as well as bug out in their accent. These shared features could be analysed in future for the Asian community in Britain is increasing steadily is growing. Which linguistic communication, expressions are being brought into English through them would be interesting to find out.2.2. West MidlandsThe central townsfolk for this accent is Liver mob. for the accent is very distinctive for this area called Merseyside. It has been mainly influenced by Irish immigrants during the nineteenth blow. Hughes/Trudgill12 describe the Liverpool accent formation some(prenominal)(prenominal) features of which I will be mentioning a a couple of(prenominal).1. a) There is no stock between pairs of explicates like go down and putt, both being enunciate put.b) occurs in words like dance, daft etc. c) Words like book and misrepresent have the vowel u2. Unlike in other northern urban accents ( that in common with Newcastle), the final vowels of words like city and seedy is i3. A recounting infrequency of glottal break up occurs.4. h is usually absent, just is sometimes present (him an her)5. The suffix -ing is in112.3. East MidlandsBased on own experience I whoremaster verbalise that one of the clearest markers for the East Midland accent clear be defined as a kind of symmetricalness to German which in addition appear in the Liverpool accent at times. The word bus, for instance, is not being enunciate bas except bus. Here, the vowel u is being pronounced the same way as in German. The same phenomenon can be found in words like. Another marker for East Midland accent is the pronunciation of the vowel conspiracy oe like in shoes, where it is being changed to shz.Speakers in this area may even have abruptly e at the end up of words like coffeh13. Trudgill mentions a symptomatic sentence for this area Veri few cahs mayd it up the long ill.142.4. Southern EnglishSome of these dialectal features of Southern English are similar to the welsh accent. Trudgill states that the Bristol speech is famous for the presence in this accent of a phenomenon called the Bristol I. He explains that in the Bristol area, words such as America, India, Diana, Gloria are pronounced with a final I. Undoubtedly, abroaders would be quite confused hear words like Americal, Indial and Dianal. This feature dexterity be a result of hypercorrection, according to Trudgill.15In the South the glottal stop is very common as a pronunciation of t which can be found in words like better, water, bet and what. This feature can also be found in cockney or Midland areas. Trudgill mentions the diagnostic feature of the South are the overleap of y in few, which differentiates it from all other English regions except the Northeast, although today h is apace being lost.16 He also tonicitys that it a typical factor for East Anglia is the lack of distinction between the vowels of here and in that respect, so that peer sounds like pair, here lik e hair and deer like dare.172.5. cockneycockney can be counted as a very finical dialect because it can only be found amongst citizenry who live in and approximately the capital of the United Kingdom area. Let alone(predicate) the name for this accent is special because it does not refer directly to the region.11The confines Cockney originally stems from the middles ages where it was applied to an womanly person, simpleton or a particularly weak man from a town as opposed to a ruralist who was regarded as tougher. In the 17th century the circumstance changed and came to mean specifically a capital of the United Kingdomer.The six most striking features of Cockney are181. r is pronounced only when followed at a time by a vowel-sound. So, in the deduction below, no r is pronounced in flowers. (Some New England accents and Southern U.S. accents have this same feature.)2. h is usually omitted (home in the intro words) in self-conscious speech its articulated very strongly.3. l is pronounced only when a vowel-sound follows (so no l is pronounced in hole, etc.).4. Voiceless th is ofttimes, but not of all time, pronounced as f (breath, etc.).5. Voiced th is as well as often but not always pronounced as v (breathe, etc.) This feature is also found in Southern U.S. lower social crystallise speech.6. The long vowels are all diphthongs, as one can hear from the demonstration words. post-horse especially the difference between tie etc. (spelled with r followed by a consonant, though the r is not pronounced) and curt etc. (spelled with r not followed by a consonant, though again the r is not pronounced).More exercises for this would be determine proimother mawalittle liou > with a glottal stop in the middlenote no > with a glottal stop at the endbowl baoCockney has some other speciality. It consists of a special vocabulary which is called Cockney rhyming see. It has been evolving in the East break of London since the sixteenth century. It is thought to have originated from the seamen and soldiers who used the London docks, from the Gypsies who arrived in the fifteen hundreds, from the Irish residents and the Jewish faction and from all the other ethnic minorities which have made up the population of the city.1911It is give tongue to to have started as a way for costermongers20 to communicate without letting their customers know what they were apothegm. The fritter away usually consists of two words, e.g. butchers hook = look but sometimes only the freshman word is used in conversation.For example, someone might say I had a butchers at her barnet and her titfer meaning I had a look at her hair (barnet fair) and her hat (tit for tat). One has to know, though, when to use the whole phrase and when to abbreviate. Another example Would you Adam and Eve it? I was on me Jack Jones when I saw me old china half inching a peach from the market. Well, I aint no grass and hes borassic, so I unplowed me north and south-central shut.T ranslation Would you believe it? I was on my own when I saw my old mate (friend) pinching (stealing) a suit from the market. Well, Im not a dun (informer) and hes skint (got no money, hard up) so I kept my mouth shut.In the Internet a whole dictionary can be found consisting of old and brisk Rhyming-Slang. The freshest contribution was the expression Becks and Posh for food. Food is also called nosh which rhymes with the nicknames of the famous David and Victoria Beckham, countrywide known as Becks and Posh21.This populate example makes it clear that the rhyming slang does not have and economical reasons behind. It is more(prenominal) or less result of acting with words which the English are very fond of (for example in newsprint doubtlines). Additionally it is of course, the sense of togetherness, a kind of linguistic fellowship by delimitate a secret language as a code of London residents whereas this point, regarding the lofty population rate, refers more to small grou ps of people.3. Standard English English- belief in lower-saxonyEnglish has the status of a global language round everybody applying for a good job needs to prove his or her English skills. The contention is getting harder and harder. This is one of the factors leading to the accredited discussion whether to introduce English to schoolchildren at an even earlier age so 10. Some primary schools offer this already. Another interesting fact is that more and more schools offer bilingual teaching. The Ricarda-Huch-Schule in Braunschweig, for instance, offers several subjects being taught in English to make the children learn both, biology and English, at once.11Like this English finds its way into our flavour in more and more ways. But coming back to education a problem arises. Of course, children cannot learn every angiotensin converting enzyme accent being spoken in England, so that is why there are set forms for the learning process. They are akin to the language understood by the term of Standard English.Different indeed in Germany there cannot be found any accent-free regions in England. In comparison to that you can find unofficial figures which tell us that Hanover is most likely to be accent-free. Standard English, on the other hand, is more of an indication for an upper social status, it can be seen as a class-dialect, owing its origin in the main not to geographical but to socio-economic causes. At the end it is quite a thin knock against between the English which is being taught at foreign schools and the English which is meant to represent poshness.Wakelin22 attach that a distinction must be made between Standard English, which is a dialect in use by educated speakers of English throughout the world, and reliable Pronunciation, which is the accent of English usually associated with a higher social or donnish background, with the BBC and the professions, and that most commonly taught to students learning English as a foreign language.23 S o one has to clearly differentiate between Received Pronunciation (RP) and Standard English (SE).So, why is Standard English so different from the other accents past? Wakelin defines that Standard English is the sort of language used when communicating beyond the family, death friends and acquaintances, whereas dialect is nowadays often kept for intimate circles.24 So it can be seen as the most relevant English accent which can be understood everywhere and is compatible to every region in England.This type of English as being called normal English by Randolph Quirk25 is being taught children and adults all around the world. The following graphic tries to illustrate the infraction which arises when both Standard English and regional accents clash.11People with different mother tongues learn English as their first or as another foreign language. They all refer to the same Vocabulary, use the same grammar and expressions which have been set by the Standard English-norm.3.1. Comparis on to English accentsThe chapter of English Sounds prepares the learning schoolchildren with the explanation that English words are often being pronounced differently than they are written and defines some words by using the phonetical alphabet.26I want to show the differences of Standard English and English accents by directly comparison several words to each other. Referring to the pronunciation I want to compare the word but which is being pronounced with a short u in South England and with a long oo in Northern England27 whereas schoolchildren learn to pronounce the word but with an ??28?There is one area of England where the y sound has been lost as a result of a historical process. This can be found in words like beauty booty, music moosic and few foo29 and is probably going to spread more with the years.11Whereas in foreign schools it is understood being taught that music should be pronounced mjuzik30 and beautiful bjut?f?l31.The pronunciation of milk also differs. Camden Market teaches the children to pronounce it mlk32 but the pronunciation according to the modern dialectology says that in a large area of southeastern England this consonant has aquired a short oo-like vowel in fron of it, or, especially in London itself, has disappeared altogether, leaving only the oo behind.33 So in this case the word milk is being pronounced mioolk which is being defined as a quite a recent change but paste rapidly through the country. immediately shifting over to the less tortuous field of lexical variations it can be said that there are several words with the same meaning but regionally fixed.Words like the Standard English term gymshoe are known as the general term but in England they have more expressions for that. In the southern region they are called plimsolls, in middle English they are called pumps and people living in and around Newcastle mouth about sandshoes.34The word ear has also has different regional variations. In the North they talk about lu gs and around Nottinghamshire one can also hear them lecture about tabs. The Eastern part of England also might use lug. Standard English, of course, only teaches ear.4. SummaryOn the whole it there is a big gap to be found between the English which is being taught in schools and the English which is being spoken in England. My analysis makes it quite clear that several difficulties occur when a person who has been learning English for five years and thinks he is now prepared for the linguistic challenge in England.The reality is different, as my paper shows. There is nearly nonentity who speaks accent-free English but on the other hand Standard English mixes into the accents more and more. The loss of pure dialects is being mourned about in the whole country. The dialects are no longer pure, if they ever were, but contain a large mixing of Standard English or pseudo-Standard forms, as Wakelin35 mentions. The main reason for this development might be the result of the following p roblem11In England is that people often get discriminated because of their language. The dialect is a clear social marker these days. Many countries have problem with racism, but in England people sometimes get discriminated against if they sound different.For exampleA Scouse accent refers to a very rough area and there are chances are that the speaker is a thiefA Posh accent If people talk like this accordingly they are supposedly educated, and can be trusted. Others would think your a rich person, and that your stuck up and you went to a boarding school.A Brummie accent If a person speaks like this, then chances are that people think he is stupid.A Geordie accent For some reason, the geordie accent is more comforting to southerners in England out of all the northern accents. Even though a Geordie can live in just as much a rough area, than a scouser if not rougher.A Yorkshire accent There is a saying about this dialect called Yorkshire born, yorkshire bread, thick in the arm and thick in the head?A Cornish accent If somebody talks like this most people think they are a farmer.The substance of accents and their cultural and social associations is well stand for in films and on video in Britain. The critically acclaimed 1964 file My fair madam based on George Bernard Shaws 1912 play, Pygmalion is often referenced in linguistic discussions as a example of how social class and accent were, and are still, inextricably conjugate in Britain. Over the past years, numerous television series have also provided viewers with a glimpse of the lives and accents of the Cockney population of London. The Cockney English class talks more about the current, very popular long running television series EastEnders.This opposes my supposition that Standard English might not be the right form to teach people English or should only form the solid ground of the linguistic education. The fact that the dialects are late dying and Standard English is spreading all over the worl d questions this. Additionally, more and more immigrants from mainly the Asian region bring in a new Standard English which I have been mentioning in point 2.1.At the end, I would say that English language teaching should be more concerned about real life and the real speech avoiding throwing the young learners into a cold pool when they enter the country.11A possible solution for this could be to strengthen the bonds of internationalistic relations between schools. Pen-friendships and school-exchanges could provide the nates of a more reality-based teaching which would undoubtedly also have the effect of arousing the childrens enthusiasm of learning English.5. LiteratureBaugh, A.C. A score of the English Language, p. 235Davis, Lawrence M. English Dialectology. atomic number 13/ regular army 1983, p. 8Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 146Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, tool English Accents and Dialects, London 1996. p. 1Trudgill, irradiation The dialect s of England. Oxford 1990, p. 51Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 5Quirk, Randolph The workout of English. London 1962, p. 95Internethttp//www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/http//www.derek.co.uk/cockney.htmhttp//www.geordie.org.uk/http//www.phespirit.info/cockney/http//www.usingenglish.com/glossary/standard-english.html1http//www.usingenglish.com/glossary/standard-english.html2Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, Peter English Accents and Dialects. London 1996, p. 13s. a.4Orientierungsstufe Westhagen/Wolfsburg5Baugh, A.C. A History of the English Language, p. 2356Davis, Lawrence M. English Dialectology. Alabama/USA 1983, p. 87Most common accent in and around London8http//www.geordie.org.uk/9Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6710Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6711see above12Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, Peter English Accents and Dialects. New York (1996), p. 9213Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 19 90, p. 7114see above, p. 7215see above, p. 7316see above, p. 7217see above, p. 7418http//www.derek.co.uk/cockney.htm19http//www.phespirit.info/cockney/20= path and market sellers21http//www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/22Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 197723Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 524Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 525Quirk, Randolph The Use of English. London 1962, p. 9526Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 14627Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 5128Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 14629Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 5730Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 17931see above, p. 17332see above, p. 17833Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6034see above, p. 10235Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 5